Merge branch 'postgres-webpush' into postgres-webpush+user

Make user tests work for postgres and sqlite
Re-org
2026-02-17 20:15:27 -05:00 · 2026-02-17 20:14:45 -05:00 · 2026-02-17 12:04:51 -05:00 · 2026-02-16 22:56:31 -05:00 · 2026-02-16 22:39:54 -05:00 · 2026-02-16 21:05:04 -05:00
38 changed files with 5783 additions and 3091 deletions
--- a/13
+++ b/13
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 MAKEFLAGS := --jobs=1
+NPM := npm
 PYTHON := python3
 PIP := pip3
 VERSION := $(shell git describe --tag)
@@ -137,7 +138,7 @@ web: web-deps web-build

 web-build:
 	cd web \
-		&& npm run build \
+		&& $(NPM) run build \
 		&& mv build/index.html build/app.html \
 		&& rm -rf ../server/site \
 		&& mv build ../server/site \
@@ -145,20 +146,20 @@ web-build:
 			../server/site/config.js

 web-deps:
-	cd web && npm install
+	cd web && $(NPM) install
 	# If this fails for .svg files, optimize them with svgo

 web-deps-update:
-	cd web && npm update
+	cd web && $(NPM) update

 web-fmt:
-	cd web && npm run format
+	cd web && $(NPM) run format

 web-fmt-check:
-	cd web && npm run format:check
+	cd web && $(NPM) run format:check

 web-lint:
-	cd web && npm run lint
+	cd web && $(NPM) run lint

 # Main server/client build

--- a/cmd/serve.go
+++ b/cmd/serve.go
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ var flagsServe = append(
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "key-file", Aliases: []string{"key_file", "K"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_KEY_FILE"}, Usage: "private key file, if listen-https is set"}),
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "cert-file", Aliases: []string{"cert_file", "E"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_CERT_FILE"}, Usage: "certificate file, if listen-https is set"}),
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "firebase-key-file", Aliases: []string{"firebase_key_file", "F"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_FIREBASE_KEY_FILE"}, Usage: "Firebase credentials file; if set additionally publish to FCM topic"}),
+	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "database-url", Aliases: []string{"database_url"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_DATABASE_URL"}, Usage: "PostgreSQL connection string for database-backed stores (e.g. postgres://user:pass@host:5432/ntfy)"}),
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "cache-file", Aliases: []string{"cache_file", "C"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_CACHE_FILE"}, Usage: "cache file used for message caching"}),
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "cache-duration", Aliases: []string{"cache_duration", "b"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_CACHE_DURATION"}, Value: util.FormatDuration(server.DefaultCacheDuration), Usage: "buffer messages for this time to allow `since` requests"}),
 	altsrc.NewIntFlag(&cli.IntFlag{Name: "cache-batch-size", Aliases: []string{"cache_batch_size"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_BATCH_SIZE"}, Usage: "max size of messages to batch together when writing to message cache (if zero, writes are synchronous)"}),
@@ -143,6 +144,7 @@ func execServe(c *cli.Context) error {
 	keyFile := c.String("key-file")
 	certFile := c.String("cert-file")
 	firebaseKeyFile := c.String("firebase-key-file")
+	databaseURL := c.String("database-url")
 	webPushPrivateKey := c.String("web-push-private-key")
 	webPushPublicKey := c.String("web-push-public-key")
 	webPushFile := c.String("web-push-file")
@@ -284,8 +286,8 @@ func execServe(c *cli.Context) error {
 		return errors.New("if set, FCM key file must exist")
 	} else if firebaseKeyFile != "" && !server.FirebaseAvailable {
 		return errors.New("cannot set firebase-key-file, support for Firebase is not available (nofirebase)")
-	} else if webPushPublicKey != "" && (webPushPrivateKey == "" || webPushFile == "" || webPushEmailAddress == "" || baseURL == "") {
-		return errors.New("if web push is enabled, web-push-private-key, web-push-public-key, web-push-file, web-push-email-address, and base-url should be set. run 'ntfy webpush keys' to generate keys")
+	} else if webPushPublicKey != "" && (webPushPrivateKey == "" || (webPushFile == "" && databaseURL == "") || webPushEmailAddress == "" || baseURL == "") {
+		return errors.New("if web push is enabled, web-push-private-key, web-push-public-key, web-push-file (or database-url), web-push-email-address, and base-url should be set. run 'ntfy webpush keys' to generate keys")
 	} else if keepaliveInterval < 5*time.Second {
 		return errors.New("keepalive interval cannot be lower than five seconds")
 	} else if managerInterval < 5*time.Second {
@@ -494,6 +496,7 @@ func execServe(c *cli.Context) error {
 	conf.EnableMetrics = enableMetrics
 	conf.MetricsListenHTTP = metricsListenHTTP
 	conf.ProfileListenHTTP = profileListenHTTP
+	conf.DatabaseURL = databaseURL
 	conf.WebPushPrivateKey = webPushPrivateKey
 	conf.WebPushPublicKey = webPushPublicKey
 	conf.WebPushFile = webPushFile
--- a/cmd/user.go
+++ b/cmd/user.go
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ var flagsUser = append(
 	&cli.StringFlag{Name: "config", Aliases: []string{"c"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_CONFIG_FILE"}, Value: server.DefaultConfigFile, DefaultText: server.DefaultConfigFile, Usage: "config file"},
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "auth-file", Aliases: []string{"auth_file", "H"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_AUTH_FILE"}, Usage: "auth database file used for access control"}),
 	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "auth-default-access", Aliases: []string{"auth_default_access", "p"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_AUTH_DEFAULT_ACCESS"}, Value: "read-write", Usage: "default permissions if no matching entries in the auth database are found"}),
+	altsrc.NewStringFlag(&cli.StringFlag{Name: "database-url", Aliases: []string{"database_url"}, EnvVars: []string{"NTFY_DATABASE_URL"}, Usage: "PostgreSQL connection string for database-backed stores"}),
 )

 var cmdUser = &cli.Command{
@@ -365,24 +366,32 @@ func createUserManager(c *cli.Context) (*user.Manager, error) {
 	authFile := c.String("auth-file")
 	authStartupQueries := c.String("auth-startup-queries")
 	authDefaultAccess := c.String("auth-default-access")
-	if authFile == "" {
-		return nil, errors.New("option auth-file not set; auth is unconfigured for this server")
-	} else if !util.FileExists(authFile) {
-		return nil, errors.New("auth-file does not exist; please start the server at least once to create it")
-	}
+	databaseURL := c.String("database-url")
 	authDefault, err := user.ParsePermission(authDefaultAccess)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errors.New("if set, auth-default-access must start set to 'read-write', 'read-only', 'write-only' or 'deny-all'")
 	}
 	authConfig := &user.Config{
-		Filename:            authFile,
-		StartupQueries:      authStartupQueries,
 		DefaultAccess:       authDefault,
 		ProvisionEnabled:    false, // Hack: Do not re-provision users on manager initialization
 		BcryptCost:          user.DefaultUserPasswordBcryptCost,
 		QueueWriterInterval: user.DefaultUserStatsQueueWriterInterval,
 	}
-	return user.NewManager(authConfig)
+	var store user.Store
+	if databaseURL != "" {
+		store, err = user.NewPostgresStore(databaseURL)
+	} else if authFile != "" {
+		if !util.FileExists(authFile) {
+			return nil, errors.New("auth-file does not exist; please start the server at least once to create it")
+		}
+		store, err = user.NewSQLiteStore(authFile, authStartupQueries)
+	} else {
+		return nil, errors.New("option database-url or auth-file not set; auth is unconfigured for this server")
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return user.NewManager(store, authConfig)
 }

 func readPasswordAndConfirm(c *cli.Context) (string, error) {
--- a/docs/config.md
+++ b/docs/config.md
@@ -144,6 +144,20 @@ the message to the subscribers.
 Subscribers can retrieve cached messaging using the [`poll=1` parameter](subscribe/api.md#poll-for-messages), as well as the
 [`since=` parameter](subscribe/api.md#fetch-cached-messages).

+## PostgreSQL database
+By default, ntfy uses SQLite for all database-backed stores. As an alternative, you can configure ntfy to use PostgreSQL
+by setting the `database-url` option to a PostgreSQL connection string:
+
+```yaml
+database-url: "postgres://user:pass@host:5432/ntfy"
+```
+
+When `database-url` is set, ntfy will use PostgreSQL for the web push subscription store instead of SQLite. The
+`web-push-file` option is not required in this case. Support for PostgreSQL for the message cache and user manager
+will be added in future releases.
+
+You can also set this via the environment variable `NTFY_DATABASE_URL` or the command line flag `--database-url`.
+
 ## Attachments
 If desired, you may allow users to upload and [attach files to notifications](publish.md#attachments). To enable
 this feature, you have to simply configure an attachment cache directory and a base URL (`attachment-cache-dir`, `base-url`). 
@@ -1141,12 +1155,15 @@ a database to keep track of the browser's subscriptions, and an admin email addr

 - `web-push-public-key` is the generated VAPID public key, e.g. AA1234BBCCddvveekaabcdfqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm1234567890
 - `web-push-private-key` is the generated VAPID private key, e.g. AA2BB1234567890abcdefzxcvbnm1234567890
- `web-push-file` is a database file to keep track of browser subscription endpoints, e.g. `/var/cache/ntfy/webpush.db`
+- `web-push-file` is a database file to keep track of browser subscription endpoints, e.g. `/var/cache/ntfy/webpush.db` (not required if `database-url` is set)
 - `web-push-email-address` is the admin email address send to the push provider, e.g. `sysadmin@example.com`
 - `web-push-startup-queries` is an optional list of queries to run on startup`
 - `web-push-expiry-warning-duration` defines the duration after which unused subscriptions are sent a warning (default is `55d`)
 - `web-push-expiry-duration` defines the duration after which unused subscriptions will expire (default is `60d`)

+Alternatively, you can use PostgreSQL instead of SQLite for the web push subscription store by setting `database-url`
+(see [PostgreSQL database](#postgresql-database)).
+
 Limitations:

 - Like foreground browser notifications, background push notifications require the web app to be served over HTTPS. A _valid_
@@ -1172,9 +1189,10 @@ web-push-file: /var/cache/ntfy/webpush.db
 web-push-email-address: sysadmin@example.com
 ```

-The `web-push-file` is used to store the push subscriptions. Unused subscriptions will send out a warning after 55 days,
-and will automatically expire after 60 days (default). If the gateway returns an error (e.g. 410 Gone when a user has unsubscribed),
-subscriptions are also removed automatically.
+The `web-push-file` is used to store the push subscriptions in a local SQLite database. Alternatively, if `database-url`
+is set, subscriptions are stored in PostgreSQL and `web-push-file` is not required. Unused subscriptions will send out
+a warning after 55 days, and will automatically expire after 60 days (default). If the gateway returns an error
+(e.g. 410 Gone when a user has unsubscribed), subscriptions are also removed automatically.

 The web app refreshes subscriptions on start and regularly on an interval, but this file should be persisted across restarts. If the subscription
 file is deleted or lost, any web apps that aren't open will not receive new web push notifications until you open then.
@@ -1755,6 +1773,7 @@ variable before running the `ntfy` command (e.g. `export NTFY_LISTEN_HTTP=:80`).
 | `key-file`                                 | `NTFY_KEY_FILE`                                 | *filename*                                          | -                 | HTTPS/TLS private key file, only used if `listen-https` is set.                                                                                                                                                                 |
 | `cert-file`                                | `NTFY_CERT_FILE`                                | *filename*                                          | -                 | HTTPS/TLS certificate file, only used if `listen-https` is set.                                                                                                                                                                 |
 | `firebase-key-file`                        | `NTFY_FIREBASE_KEY_FILE`                        | *filename*                                          | -                 | If set, also publish messages to a Firebase Cloud Messaging (FCM) topic for your app. This is optional and only required to save battery when using the Android app. See [Firebase (FCM)](#firebase-fcm).                       |
+| `database-url`                             | `NTFY_DATABASE_URL`                             | *string (connection URL)*                           | -                 | PostgreSQL connection string (e.g. `postgres://user:pass@host:5432/ntfy`). If set, uses PostgreSQL for database-backed stores instead of SQLite. Currently applies to the web push store. See [PostgreSQL database](#postgresql-database). |
 | `cache-file`                               | `NTFY_CACHE_FILE`                               | *filename*                                          | -                 | If set, messages are cached in a local SQLite database instead of only in-memory. This allows for service restarts without losing messages in support of the since= parameter. See [message cache](#message-cache).             |
 | `cache-duration`                           | `NTFY_CACHE_DURATION`                           | *duration*                                          | 12h               | Duration for which messages will be buffered before they are deleted. This is required to support the `since=...` and `poll=1` parameter. Set this to `0` to disable the cache entirely.                                        |
 | `cache-startup-queries`                    | `NTFY_CACHE_STARTUP_QUERIES`                    | *string (SQL queries)*                              | -                 | SQL queries to run during database startup; this is useful for tuning and [enabling WAL mode](#message-cache)                                                                                                                   |
--- a/docs/develop.md
+++ b/docs/develop.md
@@ -340,10 +340,6 @@ Then either follow the steps for building with or without Firebase.
 Without Firebase, you may want to still change the default `app_base_url` in [values.xml](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy-android/blob/main/app/src/main/res/values/values.xml)
 if you're self-hosting the server. Then run:
 ```
-# Remove Google dependencies (FCM)
-sed -i -e '/google-services/d' build.gradle
-sed -i -e '/google-services/d' app/build.gradle
-
 # To build an unsigned .apk (app/build/outputs/apk/fdroid/*.apk)
 ./gradlew assembleFdroidRelease

@@ -351,6 +347,8 @@ sed -i -e '/google-services/d' app/build.gradle
 ./gradlew bundleFdroidRelease
 ```

+The F-Droid flavor automatically excludes Google Services dependencies.
+
 ### Build Play flavor (FCM)
 !!! info
    I do build the ntfy Android app using IntelliJ IDEA (Android Studio), so I don't know if these Gradle commands will
--- a/docs/integrations.md
+++ b/docs/integrations.md
@@ -184,6 +184,7 @@ I've added a ⭐ to projects or posts that have a significant following, or had
 - [BRun](https://github.com/cbrake/brun) - Native Linux automation platform connecting triggers to actions without containers (Go)
 - [Uptime Monitor](https://uptime-monitor.org) - Self-hosted, enterprise-grade uptime monitoring and alerting system (TS)
 - [send_to_ntfy_extension](https://github.com/TheDuffman85/send_to_ntfy_extension/) ⭐ - A browser extension to send the notifications to ntfy (JS)
+- [SIA-Server](https://github.com/ZebMcKayhan/SIA-Server) - A light weight, self-hosted notification Server for Honywell Galaxy Flex alarm systems (Python)

 ## Blog + forum posts

--- a/docs/releases.md
+++ b/docs/releases.md
@@ -1714,3 +1714,10 @@ and the [ntfy Android app](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy-android/release
 * Fix crash when default server URL is missing scheme by auto-prepending `https://` ([#1582](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/1582), thanks to [@hard-zero1](https://github.com/hard-zero1))
 * Fix notification timestamp to use original send time instead of receive time ([#1112](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/1112), thanks to [@voruti](https://github.com/voruti) for reporting)
 * Fix notifications being missed after service restart by using persisted lastNotificationId ([#1591](https://github.com/binwiederhier/ntfy/issues/1591), thanks to @Epifeny for reporting)
+* Fix crash in settings when fragment is detached during backup/restore or log operations
+
+### ntfy server v2.12.x (UNRELEASED)
+
+**Features:**
+
+* Add PostgreSQL as an alternative database backend for the web push subscription store via `database-url` config option
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ require github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1 // indirect
 require (
 	firebase.google.com/go/v4 v4.19.0
 	github.com/SherClockHolmes/webpush-go v1.4.0
+	github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.8.0
 	github.com/microcosm-cc/bluemonday v1.0.27
 	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.23.2
 	github.com/stripe/stripe-go/v74 v74.30.0
@@ -71,6 +72,9 @@ require (
 	github.com/googleapis/enterprise-certificate-proxy v0.3.11 // indirect
 	github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.17.0 // indirect
 	github.com/gorilla/css v1.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20240606120523-5a60cdf6a761 // indirect
+	github.com/jackc/puddle/v2 v2.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822 // indirect
 	github.com/planetscale/vtprotobuf v0.6.1-0.20240319094008-0393e58bdf10 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.1-0.20181226105442-5d4384ee4fb2 // indirect
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -104,6 +104,14 @@ github.com/gorilla/css v1.0.1 h1:ntNaBIghp6JmvWnxbZKANoLyuXTPZ4cAMlo6RyhlbO8=
 github.com/gorilla/css v1.0.1/go.mod h1:BvnYkspnSzMmwRK+b8/xgNPLiIuNZr6vbZBTPQ2A3b0=
 github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.5.3 h1:saDtZ6Pbx/0u+bgYQ3q96pZgCzfhKXGPqt7kZ72aNNg=
 github.com/gorilla/websocket v1.5.3/go.mod h1:YR8l580nyteQvAITg2hZ9XVh4b55+EU/adAjf1fMHhE=
+github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0 h1:/6Hmqy13Ss2zCq62VdNG8tM1wchn8zjSGOBJ6icpsIM=
+github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0/go.mod h1:CEx0iS5ambNFdcRtxPj5JhEz+xB6uRky5eyVu/W2HEg=
+github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20240606120523-5a60cdf6a761 h1:iCEnooe7UlwOQYpKFhBabPMi4aNAfoODPEFNiAnClxo=
+github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20240606120523-5a60cdf6a761/go.mod h1:5TJZWKEWniPve33vlWYSoGYefn3gLQRzjfDlhSJ9ZKM=
+github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.8.0 h1:TYPDoleBBme0xGSAX3/+NujXXtpZn9HBONkQC7IEZSo=
+github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.8.0/go.mod h1:QVeDInX2m9VyzvNeiCJVjCkNFqzsNb43204HshNSZKw=
+github.com/jackc/puddle/v2 v2.2.2 h1:PR8nw+E/1w0GLuRFSmiioY6UooMp6KJv0/61nB7icHo=
+github.com/jackc/puddle/v2 v2.2.2/go.mod h1:vriiEXHvEE654aYKXXjOvZM39qJ0q+azkZFrfEOc3H4=
 github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.0 h1:c/Cqfb0r+Yi+JtIEq73FWXVkRonBlf0CRNYc8Zttxdo=
 github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.0/go.mod h1:2Pp+KzxcywXVXMr50+X0Q/Lsb43OQHYWRCY2AiWywWQ=
 github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1 h1:flRD4NNwYAUpkphVc1HcthR4KEIFJ65n8Mw5qdRn3LE=
@@ -144,6 +152,7 @@ github.com/spiffe/go-spiffe/v2 v2.6.0/go.mod h1:gm2SeUoMZEtpnzPNs2Csc0D/gX33k1xI
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.1.0/go.mod h1:HFkY916IF+rwdDfMAkV7OtwuqBVzrE8GR6GFx+wExME=
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.2 h1:xuMeJ0Sdp5ZMRXx/aWO6RZxdr3beISkG5/G/aIRr3pY=
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.2/go.mod h1:FRsXN1f5AsAjCGJKqEizvkpNtU+EGNCLh3NxZ/8L+MA=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.3.0/go.mod h1:M5WIy9Dh21IEIfnGCwXGc5bZfKNJtfHm1UVUgZn+9EI=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.0/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1 h1:7s2iGBzp5EwR7/aIZr8ao5+dra3wiQyKjjFuvgVKu7U=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1/go.mod h1:wZwfW3scLgRK+23gO65QZefKpKQRnfz6sD981Nm4B6U=
--- a/server/config.go
+++ b/server/config.go
@@ -88,6 +88,7 @@ var (
 // Config is the main config struct for the application. Use New to instantiate a default config struct.
 type Config struct {
 	File                                 string // Config file, only used for testing
+	DatabaseURL                          string // PostgreSQL connection string (e.g. "postgres://user:pass@host:5432/ntfy")
 	BaseURL                              string
 	ListenHTTP                           string
 	ListenHTTPS                          string
@@ -192,6 +193,7 @@ type Config struct {
 func NewConfig() *Config {
 	return &Config{
 		File:                                 DefaultConfigFile, // Only used for testing
+		DatabaseURL:                          "",
 		BaseURL:                              "",
 		ListenHTTP:                           DefaultListenHTTP,
 		ListenHTTPS:                          "",
--- a/server/server.go
+++ b/server/server.go
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ import (
 	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/user"
 	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/util"
 	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/util/sprig"
+	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/webpush"
 )

 // Server is the main server, providing the UI and API for ntfy
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ type Server struct {
 	messagesHistory   []int64                             // Last n values of the messages counter, used to determine rate
 	userManager       *user.Manager                       // Might be nil!
 	messageCache      *messageCache                       // Database that stores the messages
-	webPush           *webPushStore                       // Database that stores web push subscriptions
+	webPush           webpush.Store                       // Database that stores web push subscriptions
 	fileCache         *fileCache                          // File system based cache that stores attachments
 	stripe            stripeAPI                           // Stripe API, can be replaced with a mock
 	priceCache        *util.LookupCache[map[string]int64] // Stripe price ID -> price as cents (USD implied!)
@@ -176,9 +177,13 @@ func New(conf *Config) (*Server, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	var webPush *webPushStore
+	var wp webpush.Store
 	if conf.WebPushPublicKey != "" {
-		webPush, err = newWebPushStore(conf.WebPushFile, conf.WebPushStartupQueries)
+		if conf.DatabaseURL != "" {
+			wp, err = webpush.NewPostgresStore(conf.DatabaseURL)
+		} else {
+			wp, err = webpush.NewSQLiteStore(conf.WebPushFile, conf.WebPushStartupQueries)
+		}
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -199,9 +204,10 @@ func New(conf *Config) (*Server, error) {
 		}
 	}
 	var userManager *user.Manager
-	if conf.AuthFile != "" {
+	if conf.AuthFile != "" || conf.DatabaseURL != "" {
 		authConfig := &user.Config{
 			Filename:            conf.AuthFile,
+			DatabaseURL:         conf.DatabaseURL,
 			StartupQueries:      conf.AuthStartupQueries,
 			DefaultAccess:       conf.AuthDefault,
 			ProvisionEnabled:    true, // Enable provisioning of users and access
@@ -211,7 +217,16 @@ func New(conf *Config) (*Server, error) {
 			BcryptCost:          conf.AuthBcryptCost,
 			QueueWriterInterval: conf.AuthStatsQueueWriterInterval,
 		}
-		userManager, err = user.NewManager(authConfig)
+		var store user.Store
+		if conf.DatabaseURL != "" {
+			store, err = user.NewPostgresStore(conf.DatabaseURL)
+		} else {
+			store, err = user.NewSQLiteStore(conf.AuthFile, conf.AuthStartupQueries)
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		userManager, err = user.NewManager(store, authConfig)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -233,7 +248,7 @@ func New(conf *Config) (*Server, error) {
 	s := &Server{
 		config:          conf,
 		messageCache:    messageCache,
-		webPush:         webPush,
+		webPush:         wp,
 		fileCache:       fileCache,
 		firebaseClient:  firebaseClient,
 		smtpSender:      mailer,
--- a/server/server.yml
+++ b/server/server.yml
@@ -38,6 +38,12 @@
 #
 # firebase-key-file: <filename>

+# If "database-url" is set, ntfy will use PostgreSQL for database-backed stores instead of SQLite.
+# Currently this applies to the web push subscription store. Message cache and user manager support
+# will be added in future releases. When set, the "web-push-file" option is not required.
+#
+# database-url: "postgres://user:pass@host:5432/ntfy"
+
 # If "cache-file" is set, messages are cached in a local SQLite database instead of only in-memory.
 # This allows for service restarts without losing messages in support of the since= parameter.
 #
--- a/server/server_webpush.go
+++ b/server/server_webpush.go
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/SherClockHolmes/webpush-go"
 	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/log"
 	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/user"
+	wpush "heckel.io/ntfy/v2/webpush"
 )

 const (
@@ -128,7 +129,7 @@ func (s *Server) pruneAndNotifyWebPushSubscriptionsInternal() error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	warningSent := make([]*webPushSubscription, 0)
+	warningSent := make([]*wpush.Subscription, 0)
 	for _, subscription := range subscriptions {
 		if err := s.sendWebPushNotification(subscription, payload); err != nil {
 			log.Tag(tagWebPush).Err(err).With(subscription).Warn("Unable to publish expiry imminent warning")
@@ -143,7 +144,7 @@ func (s *Server) pruneAndNotifyWebPushSubscriptionsInternal() error {
 	return nil
 }

-func (s *Server) sendWebPushNotification(sub *webPushSubscription, message []byte, contexters ...log.Contexter) error {
+func (s *Server) sendWebPushNotification(sub *wpush.Subscription, message []byte, contexters ...log.Contexter) error {
 	log.Tag(tagWebPush).With(sub).With(contexters...).Debug("Sending web push message")
 	payload := &webpush.Subscription{
 		Endpoint: sub.Endpoint,
--- a/server/server_webpush_test.go
+++ b/server/server_webpush_test.go
@@ -5,10 +5,6 @@ package server
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
-	"github.com/SherClockHolmes/webpush-go"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/user"
-	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/util"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
@@ -18,6 +14,11 @@ import (
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/SherClockHolmes/webpush-go"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/user"
+	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/util"
 )

 const (
@@ -235,11 +236,11 @@ func TestServer_WebPush_Expiry(t *testing.T) {
 	}))
 	defer pushService.Close()

-	addSubscription(t, s, pushService.URL+"/push-receive", "test-topic")
+	endpoint := pushService.URL + "/push-receive"
+	addSubscription(t, s, endpoint, "test-topic")
 	requireSubscriptionCount(t, s, "test-topic", 1)

-	_, err := s.webPush.db.Exec("UPDATE subscription SET updated_at = ?", time.Now().Add(-55*24*time.Hour).Unix())
-	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Nil(t, s.webPush.SetSubscriptionUpdatedAt(endpoint, time.Now().Add(-55*24*time.Hour).Unix()))

 	s.pruneAndNotifyWebPushSubscriptions()
 	requireSubscriptionCount(t, s, "test-topic", 1)
@@ -248,8 +249,7 @@ func TestServer_WebPush_Expiry(t *testing.T) {
 		return received.Load()
 	})

-	_, err = s.webPush.db.Exec("UPDATE subscription SET updated_at = ?", time.Now().Add(-60*24*time.Hour).Unix())
-	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Nil(t, s.webPush.SetSubscriptionUpdatedAt(endpoint, time.Now().Add(-60*24*time.Hour).Unix()))

 	s.pruneAndNotifyWebPushSubscriptions()
 	waitFor(t, func() bool {
--- a/server/types.go
+++ b/server/types.go
@@ -593,22 +593,6 @@ func newWebPushSubscriptionExpiringPayload() *webPushControlMessagePayload {
 	}
 }

-type webPushSubscription struct {
-	ID       string
-	Endpoint string
-	Auth     string
-	P256dh   string
-	UserID   string
-}
-
-func (w *webPushSubscription) Context() log.Context {
-	return map[string]any{
-		"web_push_subscription_id":       w.ID,
-		"web_push_subscription_user_id":  w.UserID,
-		"web_push_subscription_endpoint": w.Endpoint,
-	}
-}
-
 // https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Manifest
 type webManifestResponse struct {
 	Name            string             `json:"name"`
--- a/server/webpush_store.go
+++ b/server/webpush_store.go
@@ -1,285 +0,0 @@
-package server
-
-import (
-	"database/sql"
-	"errors"
-	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/util"
-	"net/netip"
-	"time"
-
-	_ "github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3" // SQLite driver
-)
-
-const (
-	subscriptionIDPrefix                     = "wps_"
-	subscriptionIDLength                     = 10
-	subscriptionEndpointLimitPerSubscriberIP = 10
-)
-
-var (
-	errWebPushNoRows               = errors.New("no rows found")
-	errWebPushTooManySubscriptions = errors.New("too many subscriptions")
-	errWebPushUserIDCannotBeEmpty  = errors.New("user ID cannot be empty")
-)
-
-const (
-	createWebPushSubscriptionsTableQuery = `
-		BEGIN;
-		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS subscription (
-			id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
-			endpoint TEXT NOT NULL,
-			key_auth TEXT NOT NULL,
-			key_p256dh TEXT NOT NULL,
-			user_id TEXT NOT NULL,		
-			subscriber_ip TEXT NOT NULL,
-			updated_at INT NOT NULL,
-			warned_at INT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0
-		);
-		CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_endpoint ON subscription (endpoint);
-		CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_subscriber_ip ON subscription (subscriber_ip);
-		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS subscription_topic (
-			subscription_id TEXT NOT NULL,
-			topic TEXT NOT NULL,
-			PRIMARY KEY (subscription_id, topic),
-			FOREIGN KEY (subscription_id) REFERENCES subscription (id) ON DELETE CASCADE
-		);
-		CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_topic ON subscription_topic (topic);
-		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS schemaVersion (
-			id INT PRIMARY KEY,
-			version INT NOT NULL
-		);			
-		COMMIT;
-	`
-	builtinStartupQueries = `
-		PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON;
-	`
-
-	selectWebPushSubscriptionIDByEndpoint        = `SELECT id FROM subscription WHERE endpoint = ?`
-	selectWebPushSubscriptionCountBySubscriberIP = `SELECT COUNT(*) FROM subscription WHERE subscriber_ip = ?`
-	selectWebPushSubscriptionsForTopicQuery      = `
-		SELECT id, endpoint, key_auth, key_p256dh, user_id
-		FROM subscription_topic st
-		JOIN subscription s ON s.id = st.subscription_id
-		WHERE st.topic = ?
-		ORDER BY endpoint
-	`
-	selectWebPushSubscriptionsExpiringSoonQuery = `
-		SELECT id, endpoint, key_auth, key_p256dh, user_id 
-		FROM subscription 
-		WHERE warned_at = 0 AND updated_at <= ?
-	`
-	insertWebPushSubscriptionQuery = `
-		INSERT INTO subscription (id, endpoint, key_auth, key_p256dh, user_id, subscriber_ip, updated_at, warned_at)
-		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
-		ON CONFLICT (endpoint) 
-		DO UPDATE SET key_auth = excluded.key_auth, key_p256dh = excluded.key_p256dh, user_id = excluded.user_id, subscriber_ip = excluded.subscriber_ip, updated_at = excluded.updated_at, warned_at = excluded.warned_at
-	`
-	updateWebPushSubscriptionWarningSentQuery = `UPDATE subscription SET warned_at = ? WHERE id = ?`
-	deleteWebPushSubscriptionByEndpointQuery  = `DELETE FROM subscription WHERE endpoint = ?`
-	deleteWebPushSubscriptionByUserIDQuery    = `DELETE FROM subscription WHERE user_id = ?`
-	deleteWebPushSubscriptionByAgeQuery       = `DELETE FROM subscription WHERE updated_at <= ?` // Full table scan!
-
-	insertWebPushSubscriptionTopicQuery               = `INSERT INTO subscription_topic (subscription_id, topic) VALUES (?, ?)`
-	deleteWebPushSubscriptionTopicAllQuery            = `DELETE FROM subscription_topic WHERE subscription_id = ?`
-	deleteWebPushSubscriptionTopicWithoutSubscription = `DELETE FROM subscription_topic WHERE subscription_id NOT IN (SELECT id FROM subscription)`
-)
-
-// Schema management queries
-const (
-	currentWebPushSchemaVersion     = 1
-	insertWebPushSchemaVersion      = `INSERT INTO schemaVersion VALUES (1, ?)`
-	selectWebPushSchemaVersionQuery = `SELECT version FROM schemaVersion WHERE id = 1`
-)
-
-type webPushStore struct {
-	db *sql.DB
-}
-
-func newWebPushStore(filename, startupQueries string) (*webPushStore, error) {
-	db, err := sql.Open("sqlite3", filename)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if err := setupWebPushDB(db); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if err := runWebPushStartupQueries(db, startupQueries); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return &webPushStore{
-		db: db,
-	}, nil
-}
-
-func setupWebPushDB(db *sql.DB) error {
-	// If 'schemaVersion' table does not exist, this must be a new database
-	rows, err := db.Query(selectWebPushSchemaVersionQuery)
-	if err != nil {
-		return setupNewWebPushDB(db)
-	}
-	return rows.Close()
-}
-
-func setupNewWebPushDB(db *sql.DB) error {
-	if _, err := db.Exec(createWebPushSubscriptionsTableQuery); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	if _, err := db.Exec(insertWebPushSchemaVersion, currentWebPushSchemaVersion); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func runWebPushStartupQueries(db *sql.DB, startupQueries string) error {
-	if _, err := db.Exec(startupQueries); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	if _, err := db.Exec(builtinStartupQueries); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// UpsertSubscription adds or updates Web Push subscriptions for the given topics and user ID. It always first deletes all
-// existing entries for a given endpoint.
-func (c *webPushStore) UpsertSubscription(endpoint string, auth, p256dh, userID string, subscriberIP netip.Addr, topics []string) error {
-	tx, err := c.db.Begin()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	defer tx.Rollback()
-	// Read number of subscriptions for subscriber IP address
-	rowsCount, err := tx.Query(selectWebPushSubscriptionCountBySubscriberIP, subscriberIP.String())
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	defer rowsCount.Close()
-	var subscriptionCount int
-	if !rowsCount.Next() {
-		return errWebPushNoRows
-	}
-	if err := rowsCount.Scan(&subscriptionCount); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	if err := rowsCount.Close(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	// Read existing subscription ID for endpoint (or create new ID)
-	rows, err := tx.Query(selectWebPushSubscriptionIDByEndpoint, endpoint)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	defer rows.Close()
-	var subscriptionID string
-	if rows.Next() {
-		if err := rows.Scan(&subscriptionID); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	} else {
-		if subscriptionCount >= subscriptionEndpointLimitPerSubscriberIP {
-			return errWebPushTooManySubscriptions
-		}
-		subscriptionID = util.RandomStringPrefix(subscriptionIDPrefix, subscriptionIDLength)
-	}
-	if err := rows.Close(); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	// Insert or update subscription
-	updatedAt, warnedAt := time.Now().Unix(), 0
-	if _, err = tx.Exec(insertWebPushSubscriptionQuery, subscriptionID, endpoint, auth, p256dh, userID, subscriberIP.String(), updatedAt, warnedAt); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	// Replace all subscription topics
-	if _, err := tx.Exec(deleteWebPushSubscriptionTopicAllQuery, subscriptionID); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	for _, topic := range topics {
-		if _, err = tx.Exec(insertWebPushSubscriptionTopicQuery, subscriptionID, topic); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-	return tx.Commit()
-}
-
-// SubscriptionsForTopic returns all subscriptions for the given topic
-func (c *webPushStore) SubscriptionsForTopic(topic string) ([]*webPushSubscription, error) {
-	rows, err := c.db.Query(selectWebPushSubscriptionsForTopicQuery, topic)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	defer rows.Close()
-	return c.subscriptionsFromRows(rows)
-}
-
-// SubscriptionsExpiring returns all subscriptions that have not been updated for a given time period
-func (c *webPushStore) SubscriptionsExpiring(warnAfter time.Duration) ([]*webPushSubscription, error) {
-	rows, err := c.db.Query(selectWebPushSubscriptionsExpiringSoonQuery, time.Now().Add(-warnAfter).Unix())
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	defer rows.Close()
-	return c.subscriptionsFromRows(rows)
-}
-
-// MarkExpiryWarningSent marks the given subscriptions as having received a warning about expiring soon
-func (c *webPushStore) MarkExpiryWarningSent(subscriptions []*webPushSubscription) error {
-	tx, err := c.db.Begin()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	defer tx.Rollback()
-	for _, subscription := range subscriptions {
-		if _, err := tx.Exec(updateWebPushSubscriptionWarningSentQuery, time.Now().Unix(), subscription.ID); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-	return tx.Commit()
-}
-
-func (c *webPushStore) subscriptionsFromRows(rows *sql.Rows) ([]*webPushSubscription, error) {
-	subscriptions := make([]*webPushSubscription, 0)
-	for rows.Next() {
-		var id, endpoint, auth, p256dh, userID string
-		if err := rows.Scan(&id, &endpoint, &auth, &p256dh, &userID); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		subscriptions = append(subscriptions, &webPushSubscription{
-			ID:       id,
-			Endpoint: endpoint,
-			Auth:     auth,
-			P256dh:   p256dh,
-			UserID:   userID,
-		})
-	}
-	return subscriptions, nil
-}
-
-// RemoveSubscriptionsByEndpoint removes the subscription for the given endpoint
-func (c *webPushStore) RemoveSubscriptionsByEndpoint(endpoint string) error {
-	_, err := c.db.Exec(deleteWebPushSubscriptionByEndpointQuery, endpoint)
-	return err
-}
-
-// RemoveSubscriptionsByUserID removes all subscriptions for the given user ID
-func (c *webPushStore) RemoveSubscriptionsByUserID(userID string) error {
-	if userID == "" {
-		return errWebPushUserIDCannotBeEmpty
-	}
-	_, err := c.db.Exec(deleteWebPushSubscriptionByUserIDQuery, userID)
-	return err
-}
-
-// RemoveExpiredSubscriptions removes all subscriptions that have not been updated for a given time period
-func (c *webPushStore) RemoveExpiredSubscriptions(expireAfter time.Duration) error {
-	_, err := c.db.Exec(deleteWebPushSubscriptionByAgeQuery, time.Now().Add(-expireAfter).Unix())
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	_, err = c.db.Exec(deleteWebPushSubscriptionTopicWithoutSubscription)
-	return err
-}
-
-// Close closes the underlying database connection
-func (c *webPushStore) Close() error {
-	return c.db.Close()
-}
--- a/server/webpush_store_test.go
+++ b/server/webpush_store_test.go
@@ -1,199 +0,0 @@
-package server
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-	"net/netip"
-	"path/filepath"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-)
-
-func TestWebPushStore_UpsertSubscription_SubscriptionsForTopic(t *testing.T) {
-	webPush := newTestWebPushStore(t)
-	defer webPush.Close()
-
-	require.Nil(t, webPush.UpsertSubscription(testWebPushEndpoint, "auth-key", "p256dh-key", "u_1234", netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), []string{"test-topic", "mytopic"}))
-
-	subs, err := webPush.SubscriptionsForTopic("test-topic")
-	require.Nil(t, err)
-	require.Len(t, subs, 1)
-	require.Equal(t, subs[0].Endpoint, testWebPushEndpoint)
-	require.Equal(t, subs[0].P256dh, "p256dh-key")
-	require.Equal(t, subs[0].Auth, "auth-key")
-	require.Equal(t, subs[0].UserID, "u_1234")
-
-	subs2, err := webPush.SubscriptionsForTopic("mytopic")
-	require.Nil(t, err)
-	require.Len(t, subs2, 1)
-	require.Equal(t, subs[0].Endpoint, subs2[0].Endpoint)
-}
-
-func TestWebPushStore_UpsertSubscription_SubscriberIPLimitReached(t *testing.T) {
-	webPush := newTestWebPushStore(t)
-	defer webPush.Close()
-
-	// Insert 10 subscriptions with the same IP address
-	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
-		endpoint := fmt.Sprintf(testWebPushEndpoint+"%d", i)
-		require.Nil(t, webPush.UpsertSubscription(endpoint, "auth-key", "p256dh-key", "u_1234", netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), []string{"test-topic", "mytopic"}))
-	}
-
-	// Another one for the same endpoint should be fine
-	require.Nil(t, webPush.UpsertSubscription(testWebPushEndpoint+"0", "auth-key", "p256dh-key", "u_1234", netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), []string{"test-topic", "mytopic"}))
-
-	// But with a different endpoint it should fail
-	require.Equal(t, errWebPushTooManySubscriptions, webPush.UpsertSubscription(testWebPushEndpoint+"11", "auth-key", "p256dh-key", "u_1234", netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), []string{"test-topic", "mytopic"}))
-
-	// But with a different IP address it should be fine again
-	require.Nil(t, webPush.UpsertSubscription(testWebPushEndpoint+"99", "auth-key", "p256dh-key", "u_1234", netip.MustParseAddr("9.9.9.9"), []string{"test-topic", "mytopic"}))
-}
-
-func TestWebPushStore_UpsertSubscription_UpdateTopics(t *testing.T) {
-	webPush := newTestWebPushStore(t)
-	defer webPush.Close()
-
-	// Insert subscription with two topics, and another with one topic
-	require.Nil(t, webPush.UpsertSubscription(testWebPushEndpoint+"0", "auth-key", "p256dh-key", "u_1234", netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), []string{"topic1", "topic2"}))
-	require.Nil(t, webPush.UpsertSubscription(testWebPushEndpoint+"1", "auth-key", "p256dh-key", "", netip.MustParseAddr("9.9.9.9"), []string{"topic1"}))
-
-	subs, err := webPush.SubscriptionsForTopic("topic1")
-	require.Nil(t, err)
-	require.Len(t, subs, 2)
-	require.Equal(t, testWebPushEndpoint+"0", subs[0].Endpoint)
-	require.Equal(t, testWebPushEndpoint+"1", subs[1].Endpoint)
-
-	subs, err = webPush.SubscriptionsForTopic("topic2")
-	require.Nil(t, err)
-	require.Len(t, subs, 1)
-	require.Equal(t, testWebPushEndpoint+"0", subs[0].Endpoint)
-
-	// Update the first subscription to have only one topic
-	require.Nil(t, webPush.UpsertSubscription(testWebPushEndpoint+"0", "auth-key", "p256dh-key", "u_1234", netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), []string{"topic1"}))
-
-	subs, err = webPush.SubscriptionsForTopic("topic1")
-	require.Nil(t, err)
-	require.Len(t, subs, 2)
-	require.Equal(t, testWebPushEndpoint+"0", subs[0].Endpoint)
-
-	subs, err = webPush.SubscriptionsForTopic("topic2")
-	require.Nil(t, err)
-	require.Len(t, subs, 0)
-}
-
-func TestWebPushStore_RemoveSubscriptionsByEndpoint(t *testing.T) {
-	webPush := newTestWebPushStore(t)
-	defer webPush.Close()
-
-	// Insert subscription with two topics
-	require.Nil(t, webPush.UpsertSubscription(testWebPushEndpoint, "auth-key", "p256dh-key", "u_1234", netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), []string{"topic1", "topic2"}))
-	subs, err := webPush.SubscriptionsForTopic("topic1")
-	require.Nil(t, err)
-	require.Len(t, subs, 1)
-
-	// And remove it again
-	require.Nil(t, webPush.RemoveSubscriptionsByEndpoint(testWebPushEndpoint))
-	subs, err = webPush.SubscriptionsForTopic("topic1")
-	require.Nil(t, err)
-	require.Len(t, subs, 0)
-}
-
-func TestWebPushStore_RemoveSubscriptionsByUserID(t *testing.T) {
-	webPush := newTestWebPushStore(t)
-	defer webPush.Close()
-
-	// Insert subscription with two topics
-	require.Nil(t, webPush.UpsertSubscription(testWebPushEndpoint, "auth-key", "p256dh-key", "u_1234", netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), []string{"topic1", "topic2"}))
-	subs, err := webPush.SubscriptionsForTopic("topic1")
-	require.Nil(t, err)
-	require.Len(t, subs, 1)
-
-	// And remove it again
-	require.Nil(t, webPush.RemoveSubscriptionsByUserID("u_1234"))
-	subs, err = webPush.SubscriptionsForTopic("topic1")
-	require.Nil(t, err)
-	require.Len(t, subs, 0)
-}
-
-func TestWebPushStore_RemoveSubscriptionsByUserID_Empty(t *testing.T) {
-	webPush := newTestWebPushStore(t)
-	defer webPush.Close()
-	require.Equal(t, errWebPushUserIDCannotBeEmpty, webPush.RemoveSubscriptionsByUserID(""))
-}
-
-func TestWebPushStore_MarkExpiryWarningSent(t *testing.T) {
-	webPush := newTestWebPushStore(t)
-	defer webPush.Close()
-
-	// Insert subscription with two topics
-	require.Nil(t, webPush.UpsertSubscription(testWebPushEndpoint, "auth-key", "p256dh-key", "u_1234", netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), []string{"topic1", "topic2"}))
-	subs, err := webPush.SubscriptionsForTopic("topic1")
-	require.Nil(t, err)
-	require.Len(t, subs, 1)
-
-	// Mark them as warning sent
-	require.Nil(t, webPush.MarkExpiryWarningSent(subs))
-
-	rows, err := webPush.db.Query("SELECT endpoint FROM subscription WHERE warned_at > 0")
-	require.Nil(t, err)
-	defer rows.Close()
-	var endpoint string
-	require.True(t, rows.Next())
-	require.Nil(t, rows.Scan(&endpoint))
-	require.Nil(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, testWebPushEndpoint, endpoint)
-	require.False(t, rows.Next())
-}
-
-func TestWebPushStore_SubscriptionsExpiring(t *testing.T) {
-	webPush := newTestWebPushStore(t)
-	defer webPush.Close()
-
-	// Insert subscription with two topics
-	require.Nil(t, webPush.UpsertSubscription(testWebPushEndpoint, "auth-key", "p256dh-key", "u_1234", netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), []string{"topic1", "topic2"}))
-	subs, err := webPush.SubscriptionsForTopic("topic1")
-	require.Nil(t, err)
-	require.Len(t, subs, 1)
-
-	// Fake-mark them as soon-to-expire
-	_, err = webPush.db.Exec("UPDATE subscription SET updated_at = ? WHERE endpoint = ?", time.Now().Add(-8*24*time.Hour).Unix(), testWebPushEndpoint)
-	require.Nil(t, err)
-
-	// Should not be cleaned up yet
-	require.Nil(t, webPush.RemoveExpiredSubscriptions(9*24*time.Hour))
-
-	// Run expiration
-	subs, err = webPush.SubscriptionsExpiring(7 * 24 * time.Hour)
-	require.Nil(t, err)
-	require.Len(t, subs, 1)
-	require.Equal(t, testWebPushEndpoint, subs[0].Endpoint)
-}
-
-func TestWebPushStore_RemoveExpiredSubscriptions(t *testing.T) {
-	webPush := newTestWebPushStore(t)
-	defer webPush.Close()
-
-	// Insert subscription with two topics
-	require.Nil(t, webPush.UpsertSubscription(testWebPushEndpoint, "auth-key", "p256dh-key", "u_1234", netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), []string{"topic1", "topic2"}))
-	subs, err := webPush.SubscriptionsForTopic("topic1")
-	require.Nil(t, err)
-	require.Len(t, subs, 1)
-
-	// Fake-mark them as expired
-	_, err = webPush.db.Exec("UPDATE subscription SET updated_at = ? WHERE endpoint = ?", time.Now().Add(-10*24*time.Hour).Unix(), testWebPushEndpoint)
-	require.Nil(t, err)
-
-	// Run expiration
-	require.Nil(t, webPush.RemoveExpiredSubscriptions(9*24*time.Hour))
-
-	// List again, should be 0
-	subs, err = webPush.SubscriptionsForTopic("topic1")
-	require.Nil(t, err)
-	require.Len(t, subs, 0)
-}
-
-func newTestWebPushStore(t *testing.T) *webPushStore {
-	webPush, err := newWebPushStore(filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "webpush.db"), "")
-	require.Nil(t, err)
-	return webPush
-}
--- a/user/manager.go
+++ b/user/manager.go
--- a/user/manager_test.go
+++ b/user/manager_test.go
--- a/user/store.go
+++ b/user/store.go
@@ -0,0 +1,986 @@
+package user
+
+import (
+	"database/sql"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"net/netip"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/payments"
+	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/util"
+)
+
+// Store is the interface for a user database store
+type Store interface {
+	// User operations
+	UserByID(id string) (*User, error)
+	User(username string) (*User, error)
+	UserByToken(token string) (*User, error)
+	UserByStripeCustomer(customerID string) (*User, error)
+	UserIDByUsername(username string) (string, error)
+	Users() ([]*User, error)
+	UsersCount() (int64, error)
+	AddUser(username, hash string, role Role, provisioned bool) error
+	RemoveUser(username string) error
+	MarkUserRemoved(userID string) error
+	RemoveDeletedUsers() error
+	ChangePassword(username, hash string) error
+	ChangeRole(username string, role Role) error
+	ChangeProvisioned(username string, provisioned bool) error
+	ChangeSettings(userID string, prefs *Prefs) error
+	ChangeTier(username, tierCode string) error
+	ResetTier(username string) error
+	UpdateStats(userID string, stats *Stats) error
+	ResetStats() error
+
+	// Token operations
+	CreateToken(userID, token, label string, lastAccess time.Time, lastOrigin netip.Addr, expires time.Time, provisioned bool) (*Token, error)
+	Token(userID, token string) (*Token, error)
+	Tokens(userID string) ([]*Token, error)
+	AllProvisionedTokens() ([]*Token, error)
+	ChangeTokenLabel(userID, token, label string) error
+	ChangeTokenExpiry(userID, token string, expires time.Time) error
+	UpdateTokenLastAccess(token string, lastAccess time.Time, lastOrigin netip.Addr) error
+	RemoveToken(userID, token string) error
+	RemoveExpiredTokens() error
+	TokenCount(userID string) (int, error)
+	RemoveExcessTokens(userID string, maxCount int) error
+
+	// Access operations
+	AuthorizeTopicAccess(usernameOrEveryone, topic string) (read, write, found bool, err error)
+	AllGrants() (map[string][]Grant, error)
+	Grants(username string) ([]Grant, error)
+	AllowAccess(username, topicPattern string, read, write bool, ownerUsername string, provisioned bool) error
+	ResetAccess(username, topicPattern string) error
+	ResetAllProvisionedAccess() error
+	Reservations(username string) ([]Reservation, error)
+	HasReservation(username, topic string) (bool, error)
+	ReservationsCount(username string) (int64, error)
+	ReservationOwner(topic string) (string, error)
+	OtherAccessCount(username, topic string) (int, error)
+
+	// Tier operations
+	AddTier(tier *Tier) error
+	UpdateTier(tier *Tier) error
+	RemoveTier(code string) error
+	Tiers() ([]*Tier, error)
+	Tier(code string) (*Tier, error)
+	TierByStripePrice(priceID string) (*Tier, error)
+
+	// Phone operations
+	PhoneNumbers(userID string) ([]string, error)
+	AddPhoneNumber(userID, phoneNumber string) error
+	RemovePhoneNumber(userID, phoneNumber string) error
+
+	// Other stuff
+	ChangeBilling(username string, billing *Billing) error
+	Close() error
+}
+
+// storeQueries holds the database-specific SQL queries
+type storeQueries struct {
+	// User queries
+	selectUserByID           string
+	selectUserByName         string
+	selectUserByToken        string
+	selectUserByStripeID     string
+	selectUsernames          string
+	selectUserCount          string
+	selectUserIDFromUsername string
+	insertUser               string
+	updateUserPass           string
+	updateUserRole           string
+	updateUserProvisioned    string
+	updateUserPrefs          string
+	updateUserStats          string
+	updateUserStatsResetAll  string
+	updateUserTier           string
+	updateUserDeleted        string
+	deleteUser               string
+	deleteUserTier           string
+	deleteUsersMarked        string
+	// Access queries
+	selectTopicPerms            string
+	selectUserAllAccess         string
+	selectUserAccess            string
+	selectUserReservations      string
+	selectUserReservationsCount string
+	selectUserReservationsOwner string
+	selectUserHasReservation    string
+	selectOtherAccessCount      string
+	upsertUserAccess            string
+	deleteUserAccess            string
+	deleteUserAccessProvisioned string
+	deleteTopicAccess           string
+	deleteAllAccess             string
+	// Token queries
+	selectToken                string
+	selectTokens               string
+	selectTokenCount           string
+	selectAllProvisionedTokens string
+	upsertToken                string
+	updateTokenLabel           string
+	updateTokenExpiry          string
+	updateTokenLastAccess      string
+	deleteToken                string
+	deleteProvisionedToken     string
+	deleteAllToken             string
+	deleteExpiredTokens        string
+	deleteExcessTokens         string
+	// Tier queries
+	insertTier          string
+	selectTiers         string
+	selectTierByCode    string
+	selectTierByPriceID string
+	updateTier          string
+	deleteTier          string
+	// Phone queries
+	selectPhoneNumbers string
+	insertPhoneNumber  string
+	deletePhoneNumber  string
+	// Billing queries
+	updateBilling string
+}
+
+// commonStore implements store operations that work across database backends
+type commonStore struct {
+	db      *sql.DB
+	queries storeQueries
+}
+
+// UserByID returns the user with the given ID if it exists, or ErrUserNotFound otherwise
+func (s *commonStore) UserByID(id string) (*User, error) {
+	rows, err := s.db.Query(s.queries.selectUserByID, id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return s.readUser(rows)
+}
+
+// User returns the user with the given username if it exists, or ErrUserNotFound otherwise
+func (s *commonStore) User(username string) (*User, error) {
+	rows, err := s.db.Query(s.queries.selectUserByName, username)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return s.readUser(rows)
+}
+
+// UserByToken returns the user with the given token if it exists and is not expired, or ErrUserNotFound otherwise
+func (s *commonStore) UserByToken(token string) (*User, error) {
+	rows, err := s.db.Query(s.queries.selectUserByToken, token, time.Now().Unix())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return s.readUser(rows)
+}
+
+// UserByStripeCustomer returns the user with the given Stripe customer ID if it exists, or ErrUserNotFound otherwise
+func (s *commonStore) UserByStripeCustomer(customerID string) (*User, error) {
+	rows, err := s.db.Query(s.queries.selectUserByStripeID, customerID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return s.readUser(rows)
+}
+
+// Users returns a list of users
+func (s *commonStore) Users() ([]*User, error) {
+	rows, err := s.db.Query(s.queries.selectUsernames)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	usernames := make([]string, 0)
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var username string
+		if err := rows.Scan(&username); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		} else if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		usernames = append(usernames, username)
+	}
+	rows.Close()
+	users := make([]*User, 0)
+	for _, username := range usernames {
+		user, err := s.User(username)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		users = append(users, user)
+	}
+	return users, nil
+}
+
+// UsersCount returns the number of users in the database
+func (s *commonStore) UsersCount() (int64, error) {
+	rows, err := s.db.Query(s.queries.selectUserCount)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	if !rows.Next() {
+		return 0, errNoRows
+	}
+	var count int64
+	if err := rows.Scan(&count); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return count, nil
+}
+
+// AddUser adds a user with the given username, password hash and role
+func (s *commonStore) AddUser(username, hash string, role Role, provisioned bool) error {
+	if !AllowedUsername(username) || !AllowedRole(role) {
+		return ErrInvalidArgument
+	}
+	userID := util.RandomStringPrefix(userIDPrefix, userIDLength)
+	syncTopic := util.RandomStringPrefix(syncTopicPrefix, syncTopicLength)
+	now := time.Now().Unix()
+	if _, err := s.db.Exec(s.queries.insertUser, userID, username, hash, string(role), syncTopic, provisioned, now); err != nil {
+		if isUniqueConstraintError(err) {
+			return ErrUserExists
+		}
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// RemoveUser deletes the user with the given username
+func (s *commonStore) RemoveUser(username string) error {
+	if !AllowedUsername(username) {
+		return ErrInvalidArgument
+	}
+	// Rows in user_access, user_token, etc. are deleted via foreign keys
+	if _, err := s.db.Exec(s.queries.deleteUser, username); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// MarkUserRemoved sets the deleted flag on the user, and deletes all access tokens
+func (s *commonStore) MarkUserRemoved(userID string) error {
+	tx, err := s.db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+	// Get username for deleteUserAccess query
+	user, err := s.UserByID(userID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(s.queries.deleteUserAccess, user.Name, user.Name); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(s.queries.deleteAllToken, userID); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	deletedTime := time.Now().Add(userHardDeleteAfterDuration).Unix()
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(s.queries.updateUserDeleted, deletedTime, userID); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return tx.Commit()
+}
+
+// RemoveDeletedUsers deletes all users that have been marked deleted
+func (s *commonStore) RemoveDeletedUsers() error {
+	if _, err := s.db.Exec(s.queries.deleteUsersMarked, time.Now().Unix()); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ChangePassword changes a user's password
+func (s *commonStore) ChangePassword(username, hash string) error {
+	if _, err := s.db.Exec(s.queries.updateUserPass, hash, username); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ChangeRole changes a user's role
+func (s *commonStore) ChangeRole(username string, role Role) error {
+	if !AllowedUsername(username) || !AllowedRole(role) {
+		return ErrInvalidArgument
+	}
+	tx, err := s.db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(s.queries.updateUserRole, string(role), username); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// If changing to admin, remove all access entries
+	if role == RoleAdmin {
+		if _, err := tx.Exec(s.queries.deleteUserAccess, username, username); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return tx.Commit()
+}
+
+// ChangeProvisioned changes the provisioned status of a user
+func (s *commonStore) ChangeProvisioned(username string, provisioned bool) error {
+	if _, err := s.db.Exec(s.queries.updateUserProvisioned, provisioned, username); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ChangeSettings persists the user settings
+func (s *commonStore) ChangeSettings(userID string, prefs *Prefs) error {
+	b, err := json.Marshal(prefs)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if _, err := s.db.Exec(s.queries.updateUserPrefs, string(b), userID); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ChangeTier changes a user's tier using the tier code
+func (s *commonStore) ChangeTier(username, tierCode string) error {
+	if _, err := s.db.Exec(s.queries.updateUserTier, tierCode, username); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ResetTier removes the tier from the given user
+func (s *commonStore) ResetTier(username string) error {
+	if !AllowedUsername(username) && username != Everyone && username != "" {
+		return ErrInvalidArgument
+	}
+	_, err := s.db.Exec(s.queries.deleteUserTier, username)
+	return err
+}
+
+// UpdateStats updates the user statistics
+func (s *commonStore) UpdateStats(userID string, stats *Stats) error {
+	if _, err := s.db.Exec(s.queries.updateUserStats, stats.Messages, stats.Emails, stats.Calls, userID); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ResetStats resets all user stats in the user database
+func (s *commonStore) ResetStats() error {
+	if _, err := s.db.Exec(s.queries.updateUserStatsResetAll); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+func (s *commonStore) readUser(rows *sql.Rows) (*User, error) {
+	defer rows.Close()
+	var id, username, hash, role, prefs, syncTopic string
+	var provisioned bool
+	var stripeCustomerID, stripeSubscriptionID, stripeSubscriptionStatus, stripeSubscriptionInterval, stripeMonthlyPriceID, stripeYearlyPriceID, tierID, tierCode, tierName sql.NullString
+	var messages, emails, calls int64
+	var messagesLimit, messagesExpiryDuration, emailsLimit, callsLimit, reservationsLimit, attachmentFileSizeLimit, attachmentTotalSizeLimit, attachmentExpiryDuration, attachmentBandwidthLimit, stripeSubscriptionPaidUntil, stripeSubscriptionCancelAt, deleted sql.NullInt64
+	if !rows.Next() {
+		return nil, ErrUserNotFound
+	}
+	if err := rows.Scan(&id, &username, &hash, &role, &prefs, &syncTopic, &provisioned, &messages, &emails, &calls, &stripeCustomerID, &stripeSubscriptionID, &stripeSubscriptionStatus, &stripeSubscriptionInterval, &stripeSubscriptionPaidUntil, &stripeSubscriptionCancelAt, &deleted, &tierID, &tierCode, &tierName, &messagesLimit, &messagesExpiryDuration, &emailsLimit, &callsLimit, &reservationsLimit, &attachmentFileSizeLimit, &attachmentTotalSizeLimit, &attachmentExpiryDuration, &attachmentBandwidthLimit, &stripeMonthlyPriceID, &stripeYearlyPriceID); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	} else if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	user := &User{
+		ID:          id,
+		Name:        username,
+		Hash:        hash,
+		Role:        Role(role),
+		Prefs:       &Prefs{},
+		SyncTopic:   syncTopic,
+		Provisioned: provisioned,
+		Stats: &Stats{
+			Messages: messages,
+			Emails:   emails,
+			Calls:    calls,
+		},
+		Billing: &Billing{
+			StripeCustomerID:            stripeCustomerID.String,
+			StripeSubscriptionID:        stripeSubscriptionID.String,
+			StripeSubscriptionStatus:    payments.SubscriptionStatus(stripeSubscriptionStatus.String),
+			StripeSubscriptionInterval:  payments.PriceRecurringInterval(stripeSubscriptionInterval.String),
+			StripeSubscriptionPaidUntil: time.Unix(stripeSubscriptionPaidUntil.Int64, 0),
+			StripeSubscriptionCancelAt:  time.Unix(stripeSubscriptionCancelAt.Int64, 0),
+		},
+		Deleted: deleted.Valid,
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(prefs), user.Prefs); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if tierCode.Valid {
+		user.Tier = &Tier{
+			ID:                       tierID.String,
+			Code:                     tierCode.String,
+			Name:                     tierName.String,
+			MessageLimit:             messagesLimit.Int64,
+			MessageExpiryDuration:    time.Duration(messagesExpiryDuration.Int64) * time.Second,
+			EmailLimit:               emailsLimit.Int64,
+			CallLimit:                callsLimit.Int64,
+			ReservationLimit:         reservationsLimit.Int64,
+			AttachmentFileSizeLimit:  attachmentFileSizeLimit.Int64,
+			AttachmentTotalSizeLimit: attachmentTotalSizeLimit.Int64,
+			AttachmentExpiryDuration: time.Duration(attachmentExpiryDuration.Int64) * time.Second,
+			AttachmentBandwidthLimit: attachmentBandwidthLimit.Int64,
+			StripeMonthlyPriceID:     stripeMonthlyPriceID.String,
+			StripeYearlyPriceID:      stripeYearlyPriceID.String,
+		}
+	}
+	return user, nil
+}
+
+// CreateToken creates a new token
+func (s *commonStore) CreateToken(userID, token, label string, lastAccess time.Time, lastOrigin netip.Addr, expires time.Time, provisioned bool) (*Token, error) {
+	if _, err := s.db.Exec(s.queries.upsertToken, userID, token, label, lastAccess.Unix(), lastOrigin.String(), expires.Unix(), provisioned); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &Token{
+		Value:       token,
+		Label:       label,
+		LastAccess:  lastAccess,
+		LastOrigin:  lastOrigin,
+		Expires:     expires,
+		Provisioned: provisioned,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// Token returns a specific token for a user
+func (s *commonStore) Token(userID, token string) (*Token, error) {
+	rows, err := s.db.Query(s.queries.selectToken, userID, token)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	return s.readToken(rows)
+}
+
+// Tokens returns all existing tokens for the user with the given user ID
+func (s *commonStore) Tokens(userID string) ([]*Token, error) {
+	rows, err := s.db.Query(s.queries.selectTokens, userID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	tokens := make([]*Token, 0)
+	for {
+		token, err := s.readToken(rows)
+		if errors.Is(err, ErrTokenNotFound) {
+			break
+		} else if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		tokens = append(tokens, token)
+	}
+	return tokens, nil
+}
+
+// AllProvisionedTokens returns all provisioned tokens
+func (s *commonStore) AllProvisionedTokens() ([]*Token, error) {
+	rows, err := s.db.Query(s.queries.selectAllProvisionedTokens)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	tokens := make([]*Token, 0)
+	for {
+		token, err := s.readToken(rows)
+		if errors.Is(err, ErrTokenNotFound) {
+			break
+		} else if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		tokens = append(tokens, token)
+	}
+	return tokens, nil
+}
+
+// ChangeTokenLabel updates a token's label
+func (s *commonStore) ChangeTokenLabel(userID, token, label string) error {
+	if _, err := s.db.Exec(s.queries.updateTokenLabel, label, userID, token); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ChangeTokenExpiry updates a token's expiry time
+func (s *commonStore) ChangeTokenExpiry(userID, token string, expires time.Time) error {
+	if _, err := s.db.Exec(s.queries.updateTokenExpiry, expires.Unix(), userID, token); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// UpdateTokenLastAccess updates a token's last access time and origin
+func (s *commonStore) UpdateTokenLastAccess(token string, lastAccess time.Time, lastOrigin netip.Addr) error {
+	if _, err := s.db.Exec(s.queries.updateTokenLastAccess, lastAccess.Unix(), lastOrigin.String(), token); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// RemoveToken deletes the token
+func (s *commonStore) RemoveToken(userID, token string) error {
+	if token == "" {
+		return errNoTokenProvided
+	}
+	if _, err := s.db.Exec(s.queries.deleteToken, userID, token); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// RemoveExpiredTokens deletes all expired tokens from the database
+func (s *commonStore) RemoveExpiredTokens() error {
+	if _, err := s.db.Exec(s.queries.deleteExpiredTokens, time.Now().Unix()); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// TokenCount returns the number of tokens for a user
+func (s *commonStore) TokenCount(userID string) (int, error) {
+	rows, err := s.db.Query(s.queries.selectTokenCount, userID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	if !rows.Next() {
+		return 0, errNoRows
+	}
+	var count int
+	if err := rows.Scan(&count); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return count, nil
+}
+
+// RemoveExcessTokens deletes excess tokens beyond the specified maximum
+func (s *commonStore) RemoveExcessTokens(userID string, maxCount int) error {
+	if _, err := s.db.Exec(s.queries.deleteExcessTokens, userID, userID, maxCount); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+func (s *commonStore) readToken(rows *sql.Rows) (*Token, error) {
+	var token, label, lastOrigin string
+	var lastAccess, expires int64
+	var provisioned bool
+	if !rows.Next() {
+		return nil, ErrTokenNotFound
+	}
+	if err := rows.Scan(&token, &label, &lastAccess, &lastOrigin, &expires, &provisioned); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	} else if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	lastOriginIP, err := netip.ParseAddr(lastOrigin)
+	if err != nil {
+		lastOriginIP = netip.IPv4Unspecified()
+	}
+	return &Token{
+		Value:       token,
+		Label:       label,
+		LastAccess:  time.Unix(lastAccess, 0),
+		LastOrigin:  lastOriginIP,
+		Expires:     time.Unix(expires, 0),
+		Provisioned: provisioned,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// AuthorizeTopicAccess returns the read/write permissions for the given username and topic.
+// The found return value indicates whether an ACL entry was found at all.
+func (s *commonStore) AuthorizeTopicAccess(usernameOrEveryone, topic string) (read, write, found bool, err error) {
+	rows, err := s.db.Query(s.queries.selectTopicPerms, Everyone, usernameOrEveryone, topic)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, false, false, err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	if !rows.Next() {
+		return false, false, false, nil
+	}
+	if err := rows.Scan(&read, &write); err != nil {
+		return false, false, false, err
+	} else if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
+		return false, false, false, err
+	}
+	return read, write, true, nil
+}
+
+// AllGrants returns all user-specific access control entries, mapped to their respective user IDs
+func (s *commonStore) AllGrants() (map[string][]Grant, error) {
+	rows, err := s.db.Query(s.queries.selectUserAllAccess)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	grants := make(map[string][]Grant, 0)
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var userID, topic string
+		var read, write, provisioned bool
+		if err := rows.Scan(&userID, &topic, &read, &write, &provisioned); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		} else if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if _, ok := grants[userID]; !ok {
+			grants[userID] = make([]Grant, 0)
+		}
+		grants[userID] = append(grants[userID], Grant{
+			TopicPattern: fromSQLWildcard(topic),
+			Permission:   NewPermission(read, write),
+			Provisioned:  provisioned,
+		})
+	}
+	return grants, nil
+}
+
+// Grants returns all user-specific access control entries
+func (s *commonStore) Grants(username string) ([]Grant, error) {
+	rows, err := s.db.Query(s.queries.selectUserAccess, username)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	grants := make([]Grant, 0)
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var topic string
+		var read, write, provisioned bool
+		if err := rows.Scan(&topic, &read, &write, &provisioned); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		} else if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		grants = append(grants, Grant{
+			TopicPattern: fromSQLWildcard(topic),
+			Permission:   NewPermission(read, write),
+			Provisioned:  provisioned,
+		})
+	}
+	return grants, nil
+}
+
+// AllowAccess adds or updates an entry in the access control list
+func (s *commonStore) AllowAccess(username, topicPattern string, read, write bool, ownerUsername string, provisioned bool) error {
+	if !AllowedUsername(username) && username != Everyone {
+		return ErrInvalidArgument
+	} else if !AllowedTopicPattern(topicPattern) {
+		return ErrInvalidArgument
+	}
+	if _, err := s.db.Exec(s.queries.upsertUserAccess, username, toSQLWildcard(topicPattern), read, write, ownerUsername, ownerUsername, provisioned); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ResetAccess removes an access control list entry
+func (s *commonStore) ResetAccess(username, topicPattern string) error {
+	if !AllowedUsername(username) && username != Everyone && username != "" {
+		return ErrInvalidArgument
+	} else if !AllowedTopicPattern(topicPattern) && topicPattern != "" {
+		return ErrInvalidArgument
+	}
+	if username == "" && topicPattern == "" {
+		_, err := s.db.Exec(s.queries.deleteAllAccess)
+		return err
+	} else if topicPattern == "" {
+		_, err := s.db.Exec(s.queries.deleteUserAccess, username, username)
+		return err
+	}
+	_, err := s.db.Exec(s.queries.deleteTopicAccess, username, username, toSQLWildcard(topicPattern))
+	return err
+}
+
+// ResetAllProvisionedAccess removes all provisioned access control entries
+func (s *commonStore) ResetAllProvisionedAccess() error {
+	if _, err := s.db.Exec(s.queries.deleteUserAccessProvisioned); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Reservations returns all user-owned topics, and the associated everyone-access
+func (s *commonStore) Reservations(username string) ([]Reservation, error) {
+	rows, err := s.db.Query(s.queries.selectUserReservations, Everyone, username)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	reservations := make([]Reservation, 0)
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var topic string
+		var ownerRead, ownerWrite bool
+		var everyoneRead, everyoneWrite sql.NullBool
+		if err := rows.Scan(&topic, &ownerRead, &ownerWrite, &everyoneRead, &everyoneWrite); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		} else if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		reservations = append(reservations, Reservation{
+			Topic:    unescapeUnderscore(topic),
+			Owner:    NewPermission(ownerRead, ownerWrite),
+			Everyone: NewPermission(everyoneRead.Bool, everyoneWrite.Bool),
+		})
+	}
+	return reservations, nil
+}
+
+// HasReservation returns true if the given topic access is owned by the user
+func (s *commonStore) HasReservation(username, topic string) (bool, error) {
+	rows, err := s.db.Query(s.queries.selectUserHasReservation, username, escapeUnderscore(topic))
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	if !rows.Next() {
+		return false, errNoRows
+	}
+	var count int64
+	if err := rows.Scan(&count); err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	return count > 0, nil
+}
+
+// ReservationsCount returns the number of reservations owned by this user
+func (s *commonStore) ReservationsCount(username string) (int64, error) {
+	rows, err := s.db.Query(s.queries.selectUserReservationsCount, username)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	if !rows.Next() {
+		return 0, errNoRows
+	}
+	var count int64
+	if err := rows.Scan(&count); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return count, nil
+}
+
+// ReservationOwner returns user ID of the user that owns this topic, or an empty string if it's not owned by anyone
+func (s *commonStore) ReservationOwner(topic string) (string, error) {
+	rows, err := s.db.Query(s.queries.selectUserReservationsOwner, escapeUnderscore(topic))
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	if !rows.Next() {
+		return "", nil
+	}
+	var ownerUserID string
+	if err := rows.Scan(&ownerUserID); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return ownerUserID, nil
+}
+
+// OtherAccessCount returns the number of access entries for the given topic that are not owned by the user
+func (s *commonStore) OtherAccessCount(username, topic string) (int, error) {
+	rows, err := s.db.Query(s.queries.selectOtherAccessCount, escapeUnderscore(topic), escapeUnderscore(topic), username)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	if !rows.Next() {
+		return 0, errNoRows
+	}
+	var count int
+	if err := rows.Scan(&count); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return count, nil
+}
+
+// AddTier creates a new tier in the database
+func (s *commonStore) AddTier(tier *Tier) error {
+	if tier.ID == "" {
+		tier.ID = util.RandomStringPrefix(tierIDPrefix, tierIDLength)
+	}
+	if _, err := s.db.Exec(s.queries.insertTier, tier.ID, tier.Code, tier.Name, tier.MessageLimit, int64(tier.MessageExpiryDuration.Seconds()), tier.EmailLimit, tier.CallLimit, tier.ReservationLimit, tier.AttachmentFileSizeLimit, tier.AttachmentTotalSizeLimit, int64(tier.AttachmentExpiryDuration.Seconds()), tier.AttachmentBandwidthLimit, nullString(tier.StripeMonthlyPriceID), nullString(tier.StripeYearlyPriceID)); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// UpdateTier updates a tier's properties in the database
+func (s *commonStore) UpdateTier(tier *Tier) error {
+	if _, err := s.db.Exec(s.queries.updateTier, tier.Name, tier.MessageLimit, int64(tier.MessageExpiryDuration.Seconds()), tier.EmailLimit, tier.CallLimit, tier.ReservationLimit, tier.AttachmentFileSizeLimit, tier.AttachmentTotalSizeLimit, int64(tier.AttachmentExpiryDuration.Seconds()), tier.AttachmentBandwidthLimit, nullString(tier.StripeMonthlyPriceID), nullString(tier.StripeYearlyPriceID), tier.Code); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// RemoveTier deletes the tier with the given code
+func (s *commonStore) RemoveTier(code string) error {
+	if !AllowedTier(code) {
+		return ErrInvalidArgument
+	}
+	if _, err := s.db.Exec(s.queries.deleteTier, code); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Tiers returns a list of all Tier structs
+func (s *commonStore) Tiers() ([]*Tier, error) {
+	rows, err := s.db.Query(s.queries.selectTiers)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	tiers := make([]*Tier, 0)
+	for {
+		tier, err := s.readTier(rows)
+		if errors.Is(err, ErrTierNotFound) {
+			break
+		} else if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		tiers = append(tiers, tier)
+	}
+	return tiers, nil
+}
+
+// Tier returns a Tier based on the code, or ErrTierNotFound if it does not exist
+func (s *commonStore) Tier(code string) (*Tier, error) {
+	rows, err := s.db.Query(s.queries.selectTierByCode, code)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	return s.readTier(rows)
+}
+
+// TierByStripePrice returns a Tier based on the Stripe price ID, or ErrTierNotFound if it does not exist
+func (s *commonStore) TierByStripePrice(priceID string) (*Tier, error) {
+	rows, err := s.db.Query(s.queries.selectTierByPriceID, priceID, priceID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	return s.readTier(rows)
+}
+func (s *commonStore) readTier(rows *sql.Rows) (*Tier, error) {
+	var id, code, name string
+	var stripeMonthlyPriceID, stripeYearlyPriceID sql.NullString
+	var messagesLimit, messagesExpiryDuration, emailsLimit, callsLimit, reservationsLimit, attachmentFileSizeLimit, attachmentTotalSizeLimit, attachmentExpiryDuration, attachmentBandwidthLimit sql.NullInt64
+	if !rows.Next() {
+		return nil, ErrTierNotFound
+	}
+	if err := rows.Scan(&id, &code, &name, &messagesLimit, &messagesExpiryDuration, &emailsLimit, &callsLimit, &reservationsLimit, &attachmentFileSizeLimit, &attachmentTotalSizeLimit, &attachmentExpiryDuration, &attachmentBandwidthLimit, &stripeMonthlyPriceID, &stripeYearlyPriceID); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	} else if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &Tier{
+		ID:                       id,
+		Code:                     code,
+		Name:                     name,
+		MessageLimit:             messagesLimit.Int64,
+		MessageExpiryDuration:    time.Duration(messagesExpiryDuration.Int64) * time.Second,
+		EmailLimit:               emailsLimit.Int64,
+		CallLimit:                callsLimit.Int64,
+		ReservationLimit:         reservationsLimit.Int64,
+		AttachmentFileSizeLimit:  attachmentFileSizeLimit.Int64,
+		AttachmentTotalSizeLimit: attachmentTotalSizeLimit.Int64,
+		AttachmentExpiryDuration: time.Duration(attachmentExpiryDuration.Int64) * time.Second,
+		AttachmentBandwidthLimit: attachmentBandwidthLimit.Int64,
+		StripeMonthlyPriceID:     stripeMonthlyPriceID.String,
+		StripeYearlyPriceID:      stripeYearlyPriceID.String,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// PhoneNumbers returns all phone numbers for the user with the given user ID
+func (s *commonStore) PhoneNumbers(userID string) ([]string, error) {
+	rows, err := s.db.Query(s.queries.selectPhoneNumbers, userID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	phoneNumbers := make([]string, 0)
+	for {
+		phoneNumber, err := s.readPhoneNumber(rows)
+		if errors.Is(err, ErrPhoneNumberNotFound) {
+			break
+		} else if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		phoneNumbers = append(phoneNumbers, phoneNumber)
+	}
+	return phoneNumbers, nil
+}
+
+// AddPhoneNumber adds a phone number to the user with the given user ID
+func (s *commonStore) AddPhoneNumber(userID, phoneNumber string) error {
+	if _, err := s.db.Exec(s.queries.insertPhoneNumber, userID, phoneNumber); err != nil {
+		if isUniqueConstraintError(err) {
+			return ErrPhoneNumberExists
+		}
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// RemovePhoneNumber deletes a phone number from the user with the given user ID
+func (s *commonStore) RemovePhoneNumber(userID, phoneNumber string) error {
+	_, err := s.db.Exec(s.queries.deletePhoneNumber, userID, phoneNumber)
+	return err
+}
+func (s *commonStore) readPhoneNumber(rows *sql.Rows) (string, error) {
+	var phoneNumber string
+	if !rows.Next() {
+		return "", ErrPhoneNumberNotFound
+	}
+	if err := rows.Scan(&phoneNumber); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	} else if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return phoneNumber, nil
+}
+
+// ChangeBilling updates a user's billing fields
+func (s *commonStore) ChangeBilling(username string, billing *Billing) error {
+	if _, err := s.db.Exec(s.queries.updateBilling, nullString(billing.StripeCustomerID), nullString(billing.StripeSubscriptionID), nullString(string(billing.StripeSubscriptionStatus)), nullString(string(billing.StripeSubscriptionInterval)), nullInt64(billing.StripeSubscriptionPaidUntil.Unix()), nullInt64(billing.StripeSubscriptionCancelAt.Unix()), username); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// UserIDByUsername returns the user ID for the given username
+func (s *commonStore) UserIDByUsername(username string) (string, error) {
+	rows, err := s.db.Query(s.queries.selectUserIDFromUsername, username)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	if !rows.Next() {
+		return "", ErrUserNotFound
+	}
+	var userID string
+	if err := rows.Scan(&userID); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return userID, nil
+}
+
+// Close closes the underlying database
+func (s *commonStore) Close() error {
+	return s.db.Close()
+}
+
+// isUniqueConstraintError checks if the error is a unique constraint violation for both SQLite and PostgreSQL
+func isUniqueConstraintError(err error) bool {
+	errStr := err.Error()
+	return strings.Contains(errStr, "UNIQUE constraint failed") || strings.Contains(errStr, "23505")
+}
--- a/user/store_postgres.go
+++ b/user/store_postgres.go
@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+package user
+
+import (
+	"database/sql"
+
+	_ "github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/stdlib" // PostgreSQL driver
+)
+
+// PostgreSQL queries
+const (
+	// User queries
+	postgresSelectUserByID = `
+		SELECT u.id, u.user_name, u.pass, u.role, u.prefs, u.sync_topic, u.provisioned, u.stats_messages, u.stats_emails, u.stats_calls, u.stripe_customer_id, u.stripe_subscription_id, u.stripe_subscription_status, u.stripe_subscription_interval, u.stripe_subscription_paid_until, u.stripe_subscription_cancel_at, u.deleted, t.id, t.code, t.name, t.messages_limit, t.messages_expiry_duration, t.emails_limit, t.calls_limit, t.reservations_limit, t.attachment_file_size_limit, t.attachment_total_size_limit, t.attachment_expiry_duration, t.attachment_bandwidth_limit, t.stripe_monthly_price_id, t.stripe_yearly_price_id
+		FROM "user" u
+		LEFT JOIN tier t on t.id = u.tier_id
+		WHERE u.id = $1
+	`
+	postgresSelectUserByName = `
+		SELECT u.id, u.user_name, u.pass, u.role, u.prefs, u.sync_topic, u.provisioned, u.stats_messages, u.stats_emails, u.stats_calls, u.stripe_customer_id, u.stripe_subscription_id, u.stripe_subscription_status, u.stripe_subscription_interval, u.stripe_subscription_paid_until, u.stripe_subscription_cancel_at, u.deleted, t.id, t.code, t.name, t.messages_limit, t.messages_expiry_duration, t.emails_limit, t.calls_limit, t.reservations_limit, t.attachment_file_size_limit, t.attachment_total_size_limit, t.attachment_expiry_duration, t.attachment_bandwidth_limit, t.stripe_monthly_price_id, t.stripe_yearly_price_id
+		FROM "user" u
+		LEFT JOIN tier t on t.id = u.tier_id
+		WHERE user_name = $1
+	`
+	postgresSelectUserByToken = `
+		SELECT u.id, u.user_name, u.pass, u.role, u.prefs, u.sync_topic, u.provisioned, u.stats_messages, u.stats_emails, u.stats_calls, u.stripe_customer_id, u.stripe_subscription_id, u.stripe_subscription_status, u.stripe_subscription_interval, u.stripe_subscription_paid_until, u.stripe_subscription_cancel_at, u.deleted, t.id, t.code, t.name, t.messages_limit, t.messages_expiry_duration, t.emails_limit, t.calls_limit, t.reservations_limit, t.attachment_file_size_limit, t.attachment_total_size_limit, t.attachment_expiry_duration, t.attachment_bandwidth_limit, t.stripe_monthly_price_id, t.stripe_yearly_price_id
+		FROM "user" u
+		JOIN user_token tk on u.id = tk.user_id
+		LEFT JOIN tier t on t.id = u.tier_id
+		WHERE tk.token = $1 AND (tk.expires = 0 OR tk.expires >= $2)
+	`
+	postgresSelectUserByStripeID = `
+		SELECT u.id, u.user_name, u.pass, u.role, u.prefs, u.sync_topic, u.provisioned, u.stats_messages, u.stats_emails, u.stats_calls, u.stripe_customer_id, u.stripe_subscription_id, u.stripe_subscription_status, u.stripe_subscription_interval, u.stripe_subscription_paid_until, u.stripe_subscription_cancel_at, u.deleted, t.id, t.code, t.name, t.messages_limit, t.messages_expiry_duration, t.emails_limit, t.calls_limit, t.reservations_limit, t.attachment_file_size_limit, t.attachment_total_size_limit, t.attachment_expiry_duration, t.attachment_bandwidth_limit, t.stripe_monthly_price_id, t.stripe_yearly_price_id
+		FROM "user" u
+		LEFT JOIN tier t on t.id = u.tier_id
+		WHERE u.stripe_customer_id = $1
+	`
+	postgresSelectUsernames = `
+		SELECT user_name
+		FROM "user"
+		ORDER BY
+			CASE role
+				WHEN 'admin' THEN 1
+				WHEN 'anonymous' THEN 3
+				ELSE 2
+			END, user_name
+	`
+	postgresSelectUserCount          = `SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "user"`
+	postgresSelectUserIDFromUsername = `SELECT id FROM "user" WHERE user_name = $1`
+	postgresInsertUser               = `INSERT INTO "user" (id, user_name, pass, role, sync_topic, provisioned, created) VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7)`
+	postgresUpdateUserPass           = `UPDATE "user" SET pass = $1 WHERE user_name = $2`
+	postgresUpdateUserRole           = `UPDATE "user" SET role = $1 WHERE user_name = $2`
+	postgresUpdateUserProvisioned    = `UPDATE "user" SET provisioned = $1 WHERE user_name = $2`
+	postgresUpdateUserPrefs          = `UPDATE "user" SET prefs = $1 WHERE id = $2`
+	postgresUpdateUserStats          = `UPDATE "user" SET stats_messages = $1, stats_emails = $2, stats_calls = $3 WHERE id = $4`
+	postgresUpdateUserStatsResetAll  = `UPDATE "user" SET stats_messages = 0, stats_emails = 0, stats_calls = 0`
+	postgresUpdateUserTier           = `UPDATE "user" SET tier_id = (SELECT id FROM tier WHERE code = $1) WHERE user_name = $2`
+	postgresUpdateUserDeleted        = `UPDATE "user" SET deleted = $1 WHERE id = $2`
+	postgresDeleteUser               = `DELETE FROM "user" WHERE user_name = $1`
+	postgresDeleteUserTier           = `UPDATE "user" SET tier_id = null WHERE user_name = $1`
+	postgresDeleteUsersMarked        = `DELETE FROM "user" WHERE deleted < $1`
+
+	// Access queries
+	postgresSelectTopicPerms = `
+		SELECT read, write
+		FROM user_access a
+		JOIN "user" u ON u.id = a.user_id
+		WHERE (u.user_name = $1 OR u.user_name = $2) AND $3 LIKE a.topic ESCAPE '\'
+		ORDER BY u.user_name DESC, LENGTH(a.topic) DESC, CASE WHEN a.write THEN 1 ELSE 0 END DESC
+	`
+	postgresSelectUserAllAccess = `
+		SELECT user_id, topic, read, write, provisioned
+		FROM user_access
+		ORDER BY LENGTH(topic) DESC, CASE WHEN write THEN 1 ELSE 0 END DESC, CASE WHEN read THEN 1 ELSE 0 END DESC, topic
+	`
+	postgresSelectUserAccess = `
+		SELECT topic, read, write, provisioned
+		FROM user_access
+		WHERE user_id = (SELECT id FROM "user" WHERE user_name = $1)
+		ORDER BY LENGTH(topic) DESC, CASE WHEN write THEN 1 ELSE 0 END DESC, CASE WHEN read THEN 1 ELSE 0 END DESC, topic
+	`
+	postgresSelectUserReservations = `
+		SELECT a_user.topic, a_user.read, a_user.write, a_everyone.read AS everyone_read, a_everyone.write AS everyone_write
+		FROM user_access a_user
+		LEFT JOIN  user_access a_everyone ON a_user.topic = a_everyone.topic AND a_everyone.user_id = (SELECT id FROM "user" WHERE user_name = $1)
+		WHERE a_user.user_id = a_user.owner_user_id
+		  AND a_user.owner_user_id = (SELECT id FROM "user" WHERE user_name = $2)
+		ORDER BY a_user.topic
+	`
+	postgresSelectUserReservationsCount = `
+		SELECT COUNT(*)
+		FROM user_access
+		WHERE user_id = owner_user_id
+		  AND owner_user_id = (SELECT id FROM "user" WHERE user_name = $1)
+	`
+	postgresSelectUserReservationsOwner = `
+		SELECT owner_user_id
+		FROM user_access
+		WHERE topic = $1
+		  AND user_id = owner_user_id
+	`
+	postgresSelectUserHasReservation = `
+		SELECT COUNT(*)
+		FROM user_access
+		WHERE user_id = owner_user_id
+		  AND owner_user_id = (SELECT id FROM "user" WHERE user_name = $1)
+		  AND topic = $2
+	`
+	postgresSelectOtherAccessCount = `
+		SELECT COUNT(*)
+		FROM user_access
+		WHERE (topic = $1 OR $2 LIKE topic ESCAPE '\')
+		  AND (owner_user_id IS NULL OR owner_user_id != (SELECT id FROM "user" WHERE user_name = $3))
+	`
+	postgresUpsertUserAccess = `
+		INSERT INTO user_access (user_id, topic, read, write, owner_user_id, provisioned)
+		VALUES (
+			(SELECT id FROM "user" WHERE user_name = $1),
+			$2,
+			$3,
+			$4,
+			CASE WHEN $5 = '' THEN NULL ELSE (SELECT id FROM "user" WHERE user_name = $6) END,
+			$7
+		)
+		ON CONFLICT (user_id, topic)
+		DO UPDATE SET read=EXCLUDED.read, write=EXCLUDED.write, owner_user_id=EXCLUDED.owner_user_id, provisioned=EXCLUDED.provisioned
+	`
+	postgresDeleteUserAccess = `
+		DELETE FROM user_access
+		WHERE user_id = (SELECT id FROM "user" WHERE user_name = $1)
+		   OR owner_user_id = (SELECT id FROM "user" WHERE user_name = $2)
+	`
+	postgresDeleteUserAccessProvisioned = `DELETE FROM user_access WHERE provisioned = true`
+	postgresDeleteTopicAccess           = `
+		DELETE FROM user_access
+	   	WHERE (user_id = (SELECT id FROM "user" WHERE user_name = $1) OR owner_user_id = (SELECT id FROM "user" WHERE user_name = $2))
+	   	  AND topic = $3
+  	`
+	postgresDeleteAllAccess = `DELETE FROM user_access`
+
+	// Token queries
+	postgresSelectToken                = `SELECT token, label, last_access, last_origin, expires, provisioned FROM user_token WHERE user_id = $1 AND token = $2`
+	postgresSelectTokens               = `SELECT token, label, last_access, last_origin, expires, provisioned FROM user_token WHERE user_id = $1`
+	postgresSelectTokenCount           = `SELECT COUNT(*) FROM user_token WHERE user_id = $1`
+	postgresSelectAllProvisionedTokens = `SELECT token, label, last_access, last_origin, expires, provisioned FROM user_token WHERE provisioned = true`
+	postgresUpsertToken                = `
+		INSERT INTO user_token (user_id, token, label, last_access, last_origin, expires, provisioned)
+		VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7)
+		ON CONFLICT (user_id, token)
+		DO UPDATE SET label = EXCLUDED.label, expires = EXCLUDED.expires, provisioned = EXCLUDED.provisioned
+	`
+	postgresUpdateTokenLabel       = `UPDATE user_token SET label = $1 WHERE user_id = $2 AND token = $3`
+	postgresUpdateTokenExpiry      = `UPDATE user_token SET expires = $1 WHERE user_id = $2 AND token = $3`
+	postgresUpdateTokenLastAccess  = `UPDATE user_token SET last_access = $1, last_origin = $2 WHERE token = $3`
+	postgresDeleteToken            = `DELETE FROM user_token WHERE user_id = $1 AND token = $2`
+	postgresDeleteProvisionedToken = `DELETE FROM user_token WHERE token = $1`
+	postgresDeleteAllToken         = `DELETE FROM user_token WHERE user_id = $1`
+	postgresDeleteExpiredTokens    = `DELETE FROM user_token WHERE expires > 0 AND expires < $1`
+	postgresDeleteExcessTokens     = `
+		DELETE FROM user_token
+		WHERE user_id = $1
+		  AND (user_id, token) NOT IN (
+			SELECT user_id, token
+			FROM user_token
+			WHERE user_id = $2
+			ORDER BY expires DESC
+			LIMIT $3
+		)
+	`
+
+	// Tier queries
+	postgresInsertTier = `
+		INSERT INTO tier (id, code, name, messages_limit, messages_expiry_duration, emails_limit, calls_limit, reservations_limit, attachment_file_size_limit, attachment_total_size_limit, attachment_expiry_duration, attachment_bandwidth_limit, stripe_monthly_price_id, stripe_yearly_price_id)
+		VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8, $9, $10, $11, $12, $13, $14)
+	`
+	postgresUpdateTier = `
+		UPDATE tier
+		SET name = $1, messages_limit = $2, messages_expiry_duration = $3, emails_limit = $4, calls_limit = $5, reservations_limit = $6, attachment_file_size_limit = $7, attachment_total_size_limit = $8, attachment_expiry_duration = $9, attachment_bandwidth_limit = $10, stripe_monthly_price_id = $11, stripe_yearly_price_id = $12
+		WHERE code = $13
+	`
+	postgresSelectTiers = `
+		SELECT id, code, name, messages_limit, messages_expiry_duration, emails_limit, calls_limit, reservations_limit, attachment_file_size_limit, attachment_total_size_limit, attachment_expiry_duration, attachment_bandwidth_limit, stripe_monthly_price_id, stripe_yearly_price_id
+		FROM tier
+	`
+	postgresSelectTierByCode = `
+		SELECT id, code, name, messages_limit, messages_expiry_duration, emails_limit, calls_limit, reservations_limit, attachment_file_size_limit, attachment_total_size_limit, attachment_expiry_duration, attachment_bandwidth_limit, stripe_monthly_price_id, stripe_yearly_price_id
+		FROM tier
+		WHERE code = $1
+	`
+	postgresSelectTierByPriceID = `
+		SELECT id, code, name, messages_limit, messages_expiry_duration, emails_limit, calls_limit, reservations_limit, attachment_file_size_limit, attachment_total_size_limit, attachment_expiry_duration, attachment_bandwidth_limit, stripe_monthly_price_id, stripe_yearly_price_id
+		FROM tier
+		WHERE (stripe_monthly_price_id = $1 OR stripe_yearly_price_id = $2)
+	`
+	postgresDeleteTier = `DELETE FROM tier WHERE code = $1`
+
+	// Phone queries
+	postgresSelectPhoneNumbers = `SELECT phone_number FROM user_phone WHERE user_id = $1`
+	postgresInsertPhoneNumber  = `INSERT INTO user_phone (user_id, phone_number) VALUES ($1, $2)`
+	postgresDeletePhoneNumber  = `DELETE FROM user_phone WHERE user_id = $1 AND phone_number = $2`
+
+	// Billing queries
+	postgresUpdateBilling = `
+		UPDATE "user"
+		SET stripe_customer_id = $1, stripe_subscription_id = $2, stripe_subscription_status = $3, stripe_subscription_interval = $4, stripe_subscription_paid_until = $5, stripe_subscription_cancel_at = $6
+		WHERE user_name = $7
+	`
+)
+
+// NewPostgresStore creates a new PostgreSQL-backed user store
+func NewPostgresStore(dsn string) (Store, error) {
+	db, err := sql.Open("pgx", dsn)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err := db.Ping(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err := setupPostgres(db); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &commonStore{
+		db: db,
+		queries: storeQueries{
+			// User queries
+			selectUserByID:           postgresSelectUserByID,
+			selectUserByName:         postgresSelectUserByName,
+			selectUserByToken:        postgresSelectUserByToken,
+			selectUserByStripeID:     postgresSelectUserByStripeID,
+			selectUsernames:          postgresSelectUsernames,
+			selectUserCount:          postgresSelectUserCount,
+			selectUserIDFromUsername: postgresSelectUserIDFromUsername,
+			insertUser:               postgresInsertUser,
+			updateUserPass:           postgresUpdateUserPass,
+			updateUserRole:           postgresUpdateUserRole,
+			updateUserProvisioned:    postgresUpdateUserProvisioned,
+			updateUserPrefs:          postgresUpdateUserPrefs,
+			updateUserStats:          postgresUpdateUserStats,
+			updateUserStatsResetAll:  postgresUpdateUserStatsResetAll,
+			updateUserTier:           postgresUpdateUserTier,
+			updateUserDeleted:        postgresUpdateUserDeleted,
+			deleteUser:               postgresDeleteUser,
+			deleteUserTier:           postgresDeleteUserTier,
+			deleteUsersMarked:        postgresDeleteUsersMarked,
+
+			// Access queries
+			selectTopicPerms:            postgresSelectTopicPerms,
+			selectUserAllAccess:         postgresSelectUserAllAccess,
+			selectUserAccess:            postgresSelectUserAccess,
+			selectUserReservations:      postgresSelectUserReservations,
+			selectUserReservationsCount: postgresSelectUserReservationsCount,
+			selectUserReservationsOwner: postgresSelectUserReservationsOwner,
+			selectUserHasReservation:    postgresSelectUserHasReservation,
+			selectOtherAccessCount:      postgresSelectOtherAccessCount,
+			upsertUserAccess:            postgresUpsertUserAccess,
+			deleteUserAccess:            postgresDeleteUserAccess,
+			deleteUserAccessProvisioned: postgresDeleteUserAccessProvisioned,
+			deleteTopicAccess:           postgresDeleteTopicAccess,
+			deleteAllAccess:             postgresDeleteAllAccess,
+
+			// Token queries
+			selectToken:                postgresSelectToken,
+			selectTokens:               postgresSelectTokens,
+			selectTokenCount:           postgresSelectTokenCount,
+			selectAllProvisionedTokens: postgresSelectAllProvisionedTokens,
+			upsertToken:                postgresUpsertToken,
+			updateTokenLabel:           postgresUpdateTokenLabel,
+			updateTokenExpiry:          postgresUpdateTokenExpiry,
+			updateTokenLastAccess:      postgresUpdateTokenLastAccess,
+			deleteToken:                postgresDeleteToken,
+			deleteProvisionedToken:     postgresDeleteProvisionedToken,
+			deleteAllToken:             postgresDeleteAllToken,
+			deleteExpiredTokens:        postgresDeleteExpiredTokens,
+			deleteExcessTokens:         postgresDeleteExcessTokens,
+
+			// Tier queries
+			insertTier:          postgresInsertTier,
+			selectTiers:         postgresSelectTiers,
+			selectTierByCode:    postgresSelectTierByCode,
+			selectTierByPriceID: postgresSelectTierByPriceID,
+			updateTier:          postgresUpdateTier,
+			deleteTier:          postgresDeleteTier,
+
+			// Phone queries
+			selectPhoneNumbers: postgresSelectPhoneNumbers,
+			insertPhoneNumber:  postgresInsertPhoneNumber,
+			deletePhoneNumber:  postgresDeletePhoneNumber,
+
+			// Billing queries
+			updateBilling: postgresUpdateBilling,
+		},
+	}, nil
+}
--- a/user/store_postgres_schema.go
+++ b/user/store_postgres_schema.go
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+package user
+
+import (
+	"database/sql"
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+// Initial PostgreSQL schema
+const (
+	postgresCreateTablesQueries = `
+		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS tier (
+			id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+			code TEXT NOT NULL,
+			name TEXT NOT NULL,
+			messages_limit BIGINT NOT NULL,
+			messages_expiry_duration BIGINT NOT NULL,
+			emails_limit BIGINT NOT NULL,
+			calls_limit BIGINT NOT NULL,
+			reservations_limit BIGINT NOT NULL,
+			attachment_file_size_limit BIGINT NOT NULL,
+			attachment_total_size_limit BIGINT NOT NULL,
+			attachment_expiry_duration BIGINT NOT NULL,
+			attachment_bandwidth_limit BIGINT NOT NULL,
+			stripe_monthly_price_id TEXT,
+			stripe_yearly_price_id TEXT,
+			UNIQUE(code),
+			UNIQUE(stripe_monthly_price_id),
+			UNIQUE(stripe_yearly_price_id)
+		);
+		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS "user" (
+		    id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+			tier_id TEXT REFERENCES tier(id),
+			user_name TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE,
+			pass TEXT NOT NULL,
+			role TEXT NOT NULL CHECK (role IN ('anonymous', 'admin', 'user')),
+			prefs JSONB NOT NULL DEFAULT '{}',
+			sync_topic TEXT NOT NULL,
+			provisioned BOOLEAN NOT NULL,
+			stats_messages BIGINT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+			stats_emails BIGINT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+			stats_calls BIGINT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
+			stripe_customer_id TEXT UNIQUE,
+			stripe_subscription_id TEXT UNIQUE,
+			stripe_subscription_status TEXT,
+			stripe_subscription_interval TEXT,
+			stripe_subscription_paid_until BIGINT,
+			stripe_subscription_cancel_at BIGINT,
+			created BIGINT NOT NULL,
+			deleted BIGINT
+		);
+		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS user_access (
+			user_id TEXT NOT NULL REFERENCES "user"(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+			topic TEXT NOT NULL,
+			read BOOLEAN NOT NULL,
+			write BOOLEAN NOT NULL,
+			owner_user_id TEXT REFERENCES "user"(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+			provisioned BOOLEAN NOT NULL,
+			PRIMARY KEY (user_id, topic)
+		);
+		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS user_token (
+			user_id TEXT NOT NULL REFERENCES "user"(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+			token TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE,
+			label TEXT NOT NULL,
+			last_access BIGINT NOT NULL,
+			last_origin TEXT NOT NULL,
+			expires BIGINT NOT NULL,
+			provisioned BOOLEAN NOT NULL,
+			PRIMARY KEY (user_id, token)
+		);
+		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS user_phone (
+			user_id TEXT NOT NULL REFERENCES "user"(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+			phone_number TEXT NOT NULL,
+			PRIMARY KEY (user_id, phone_number)
+		);
+		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS schema_version (
+			store TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+			version INT NOT NULL
+		);
+		INSERT INTO "user" (id, user_name, pass, role, sync_topic, provisioned, created)
+		VALUES ('` + everyoneID + `', '*', '', 'anonymous', '', false, EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM NOW())::BIGINT)
+		ON CONFLICT (id) DO NOTHING;
+	`
+)
+
+// Schema table management queries for Postgres
+const (
+	postgresCurrentSchemaVersion = 6
+	postgresSelectSchemaVersion  = `SELECT version FROM schema_version WHERE store = 'user'`
+	postgresInsertSchemaVersion  = `INSERT INTO schema_version (store, version) VALUES ('user', $1)`
+)
+
+func setupPostgres(db *sql.DB) error {
+	var schemaVersion int
+	err := db.QueryRow(postgresSelectSchemaVersion).Scan(&schemaVersion)
+	if err != nil {
+		return setupNewPostgres(db)
+	}
+	if schemaVersion > postgresCurrentSchemaVersion {
+		return fmt.Errorf("unexpected schema version: version %d is higher than current version %d", schemaVersion, postgresCurrentSchemaVersion)
+	}
+	// Note: PostgreSQL migrations will be added when needed
+	return nil
+}
+
+func setupNewPostgres(db *sql.DB) error {
+	if _, err := db.Exec(postgresCreateTablesQueries); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if _, err := db.Exec(postgresInsertSchemaVersion, postgresCurrentSchemaVersion); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
--- a/user/store_postgres_test.go
+++ b/user/store_postgres_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+package user_test
+
+import (
+	"database/sql"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/url"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/user"
+	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/util"
+)
+
+func newTestPostgresStore(t *testing.T) user.Store {
+	dsn := os.Getenv("NTFY_TEST_DATABASE_URL")
+	if dsn == "" {
+		t.Skip("NTFY_TEST_DATABASE_URL not set, skipping PostgreSQL tests")
+	}
+	// Create a unique schema for this test
+	schema := fmt.Sprintf("test_%s", util.RandomString(10))
+	setupDB, err := sql.Open("pgx", dsn)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	_, err = setupDB.Exec(fmt.Sprintf("CREATE SCHEMA %s", schema))
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Nil(t, setupDB.Close())
+	// Open store with search_path set to the new schema
+	u, err := url.Parse(dsn)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	q := u.Query()
+	q.Set("search_path", schema)
+	u.RawQuery = q.Encode()
+	store, err := user.NewPostgresStore(u.String())
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		store.Close()
+		cleanDB, err := sql.Open("pgx", dsn)
+		if err == nil {
+			cleanDB.Exec(fmt.Sprintf("DROP SCHEMA %s CASCADE", schema))
+			cleanDB.Close()
+		}
+	})
+	return store
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreAddUser(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreAddUser(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreAddUserAlreadyExists(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreAddUserAlreadyExists(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreRemoveUser(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreRemoveUser(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreUserByID(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreUserByID(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreUserByToken(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreUserByToken(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreUserByStripeCustomer(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreUserByStripeCustomer(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreUsers(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreUsers(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreUsersCount(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreUsersCount(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreChangePassword(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreChangePassword(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreChangeRole(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreChangeRole(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreTokens(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreTokens(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreTokenChangeLabel(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreTokenChangeLabel(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreTokenRemove(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreTokenRemove(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreTokenRemoveExpired(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreTokenRemoveExpired(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreTokenRemoveExcess(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreTokenRemoveExcess(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreTokenUpdateLastAccess(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreTokenUpdateLastAccess(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreAllowAccess(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreAllowAccess(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreAllowAccessReadOnly(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreAllowAccessReadOnly(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreResetAccess(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreResetAccess(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreResetAccessAll(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreResetAccessAll(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreAuthorizeTopicAccess(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreAuthorizeTopicAccess(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreAuthorizeTopicAccessNotFound(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreAuthorizeTopicAccessNotFound(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreAuthorizeTopicAccessDenyAll(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreAuthorizeTopicAccessDenyAll(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreReservations(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreReservations(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreReservationsCount(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreReservationsCount(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreHasReservation(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreHasReservation(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreReservationOwner(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreReservationOwner(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreTiers(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreTiers(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreTierUpdate(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreTierUpdate(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreTierRemove(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreTierRemove(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreTierByStripePrice(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreTierByStripePrice(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreChangeTier(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreChangeTier(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStorePhoneNumbers(t *testing.T) {
+	testStorePhoneNumbers(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreChangeSettings(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreChangeSettings(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreChangeBilling(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreChangeBilling(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreUpdateStats(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreUpdateStats(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreResetStats(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreResetStats(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreMarkUserRemoved(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreMarkUserRemoved(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreRemoveDeletedUsers(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreRemoveDeletedUsers(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreAllGrants(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreAllGrants(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreOtherAccessCount(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreOtherAccessCount(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
--- a/user/store_sqlite.go
+++ b/user/store_sqlite.go
@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+package user
+
+import (
+	"database/sql"
+
+	_ "github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3" // SQLite driver
+)
+
+const (
+	// User queries
+	sqliteSelectUserByID = `
+		SELECT u.id, u.user, u.pass, u.role, u.prefs, u.sync_topic, u.provisioned, u.stats_messages, u.stats_emails, u.stats_calls, u.stripe_customer_id, u.stripe_subscription_id, u.stripe_subscription_status, u.stripe_subscription_interval, u.stripe_subscription_paid_until, u.stripe_subscription_cancel_at, deleted, t.id, t.code, t.name, t.messages_limit, t.messages_expiry_duration, t.emails_limit, t.calls_limit, t.reservations_limit, t.attachment_file_size_limit, t.attachment_total_size_limit, t.attachment_expiry_duration, t.attachment_bandwidth_limit, t.stripe_monthly_price_id, t.stripe_yearly_price_id
+		FROM user u
+		LEFT JOIN tier t on t.id = u.tier_id
+		WHERE u.id = ?
+	`
+	sqliteSelectUserByName = `
+		SELECT u.id, u.user, u.pass, u.role, u.prefs, u.sync_topic, u.provisioned, u.stats_messages, u.stats_emails, u.stats_calls, u.stripe_customer_id, u.stripe_subscription_id, u.stripe_subscription_status, u.stripe_subscription_interval, u.stripe_subscription_paid_until, u.stripe_subscription_cancel_at, deleted, t.id, t.code, t.name, t.messages_limit, t.messages_expiry_duration, t.emails_limit, t.calls_limit, t.reservations_limit, t.attachment_file_size_limit, t.attachment_total_size_limit, t.attachment_expiry_duration, t.attachment_bandwidth_limit, t.stripe_monthly_price_id, t.stripe_yearly_price_id
+		FROM user u
+		LEFT JOIN tier t on t.id = u.tier_id
+		WHERE user = ?
+	`
+	sqliteSelectUserByToken = `
+		SELECT u.id, u.user, u.pass, u.role, u.prefs, u.sync_topic, u.provisioned, u.stats_messages, u.stats_emails, u.stats_calls, u.stripe_customer_id, u.stripe_subscription_id, u.stripe_subscription_status, u.stripe_subscription_interval, u.stripe_subscription_paid_until, u.stripe_subscription_cancel_at, deleted, t.id, t.code, t.name, t.messages_limit, t.messages_expiry_duration, t.emails_limit, t.calls_limit, t.reservations_limit, t.attachment_file_size_limit, t.attachment_total_size_limit, t.attachment_expiry_duration, t.attachment_bandwidth_limit, t.stripe_monthly_price_id, t.stripe_yearly_price_id
+		FROM user u
+		JOIN user_token tk on u.id = tk.user_id
+		LEFT JOIN tier t on t.id = u.tier_id
+		WHERE tk.token = ? AND (tk.expires = 0 OR tk.expires >= ?)
+	`
+	sqliteSelectUserByStripeID = `
+		SELECT u.id, u.user, u.pass, u.role, u.prefs, u.sync_topic, u.provisioned, u.stats_messages, u.stats_emails, u.stats_calls, u.stripe_customer_id, u.stripe_subscription_id, u.stripe_subscription_status, u.stripe_subscription_interval, u.stripe_subscription_paid_until, u.stripe_subscription_cancel_at, deleted, t.id, t.code, t.name, t.messages_limit, t.messages_expiry_duration, t.emails_limit, t.calls_limit, t.reservations_limit, t.attachment_file_size_limit, t.attachment_total_size_limit, t.attachment_expiry_duration, t.attachment_bandwidth_limit, t.stripe_monthly_price_id, t.stripe_yearly_price_id
+		FROM user u
+		LEFT JOIN tier t on t.id = u.tier_id
+		WHERE u.stripe_customer_id = ?
+	`
+	sqliteSelectUsernames = `
+		SELECT user
+		FROM user
+		ORDER BY
+			CASE role
+				WHEN 'admin' THEN 1
+				WHEN 'anonymous' THEN 3
+				ELSE 2
+			END, user
+	`
+	sqliteSelectUserCount          = `SELECT COUNT(*) FROM user`
+	sqliteSelectUserIDFromUsername = `SELECT id FROM user WHERE user = ?`
+	sqliteInsertUser               = `INSERT INTO user (id, user, pass, role, sync_topic, provisioned, created) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)`
+	sqliteUpdateUserPass           = `UPDATE user SET pass = ? WHERE user = ?`
+	sqliteUpdateUserRole           = `UPDATE user SET role = ? WHERE user = ?`
+	sqliteUpdateUserProvisioned    = `UPDATE user SET provisioned = ? WHERE user = ?`
+	sqliteUpdateUserPrefs          = `UPDATE user SET prefs = ? WHERE id = ?`
+	sqliteUpdateUserStats          = `UPDATE user SET stats_messages = ?, stats_emails = ?, stats_calls = ? WHERE id = ?`
+	sqliteUpdateUserStatsResetAll  = `UPDATE user SET stats_messages = 0, stats_emails = 0, stats_calls = 0`
+	sqliteUpdateUserTier           = `UPDATE user SET tier_id = (SELECT id FROM tier WHERE code = ?) WHERE user = ?`
+	sqliteUpdateUserDeleted        = `UPDATE user SET deleted = ? WHERE id = ?`
+	sqliteDeleteUser               = `DELETE FROM user WHERE user = ?`
+	sqliteDeleteUserTier           = `UPDATE user SET tier_id = null WHERE user = ?`
+	sqliteDeleteUsersMarked        = `DELETE FROM user WHERE deleted < ?`
+
+	// Access queries
+	sqliteSelectTopicPerms = `
+		SELECT read, write
+		FROM user_access a
+		JOIN user u ON u.id = a.user_id
+		WHERE (u.user = ? OR u.user = ?) AND ? LIKE a.topic ESCAPE '\'
+		ORDER BY u.user DESC, LENGTH(a.topic) DESC, a.write DESC
+	`
+	sqliteSelectUserAllAccess = `
+		SELECT user_id, topic, read, write, provisioned
+		FROM user_access
+		ORDER BY LENGTH(topic) DESC, write DESC, read DESC, topic
+	`
+	sqliteSelectUserAccess = `
+		SELECT topic, read, write, provisioned
+		FROM user_access
+		WHERE user_id = (SELECT id FROM user WHERE user = ?)
+		ORDER BY LENGTH(topic) DESC, write DESC, read DESC, topic
+	`
+	sqliteSelectUserReservations = `
+		SELECT a_user.topic, a_user.read, a_user.write, a_everyone.read AS everyone_read, a_everyone.write AS everyone_write
+		FROM user_access a_user
+		LEFT JOIN  user_access a_everyone ON a_user.topic = a_everyone.topic AND a_everyone.user_id = (SELECT id FROM user WHERE user = ?)
+		WHERE a_user.user_id = a_user.owner_user_id
+		  AND a_user.owner_user_id = (SELECT id FROM user WHERE user = ?)
+		ORDER BY a_user.topic
+	`
+	sqliteSelectUserReservationsCount = `
+		SELECT COUNT(*)
+		FROM user_access
+		WHERE user_id = owner_user_id
+		  AND owner_user_id = (SELECT id FROM user WHERE user = ?)
+	`
+	sqliteSelectUserReservationsOwner = `
+		SELECT owner_user_id
+		FROM user_access
+		WHERE topic = ?
+		  AND user_id = owner_user_id
+	`
+	sqliteSelectUserHasReservation = `
+		SELECT COUNT(*)
+		FROM user_access
+		WHERE user_id = owner_user_id
+		  AND owner_user_id = (SELECT id FROM user WHERE user = ?)
+		  AND topic = ?
+	`
+	sqliteSelectOtherAccessCount = `
+		SELECT COUNT(*)
+		FROM user_access
+		WHERE (topic = ? OR ? LIKE topic ESCAPE '\')
+		  AND (owner_user_id IS NULL OR owner_user_id != (SELECT id FROM user WHERE user = ?))
+	`
+	sqliteUpsertUserAccess = `
+		INSERT INTO user_access (user_id, topic, read, write, owner_user_id, provisioned)
+		VALUES ((SELECT id FROM user WHERE user = ?), ?, ?, ?, (SELECT IIF(?='',NULL,(SELECT id FROM user WHERE user=?))), ?)
+		ON CONFLICT (user_id, topic)
+		DO UPDATE SET read=excluded.read, write=excluded.write, owner_user_id=excluded.owner_user_id, provisioned=excluded.provisioned
+	`
+	sqliteDeleteUserAccess = `
+		DELETE FROM user_access
+		WHERE user_id = (SELECT id FROM user WHERE user = ?)
+		   OR owner_user_id = (SELECT id FROM user WHERE user = ?)
+	`
+	sqliteDeleteUserAccessProvisioned = `DELETE FROM user_access WHERE provisioned = 1`
+	sqliteDeleteTopicAccess           = `
+		DELETE FROM user_access
+	   	WHERE (user_id = (SELECT id FROM user WHERE user = ?) OR owner_user_id = (SELECT id FROM user WHERE user = ?))
+	   	  AND topic = ?
+  	`
+	sqliteDeleteAllAccess = `DELETE FROM user_access`
+
+	// Token queries
+	sqliteSelectToken                = `SELECT token, label, last_access, last_origin, expires, provisioned FROM user_token WHERE user_id = ? AND token = ?`
+	sqliteSelectTokens               = `SELECT token, label, last_access, last_origin, expires, provisioned FROM user_token WHERE user_id = ?`
+	sqliteSelectTokenCount           = `SELECT COUNT(*) FROM user_token WHERE user_id = ?`
+	sqliteSelectAllProvisionedTokens = `SELECT token, label, last_access, last_origin, expires, provisioned FROM user_token WHERE provisioned = 1`
+	sqliteUpsertToken                = `
+		INSERT INTO user_token (user_id, token, label, last_access, last_origin, expires, provisioned)
+		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
+		ON CONFLICT (user_id, token)
+		DO UPDATE SET label = excluded.label, expires = excluded.expires, provisioned = excluded.provisioned;
+	`
+	sqliteUpdateTokenLabel       = `UPDATE user_token SET label = ? WHERE user_id = ? AND token = ?`
+	sqliteUpdateTokenExpiry      = `UPDATE user_token SET expires = ? WHERE user_id = ? AND token = ?`
+	sqliteUpdateTokenLastAccess  = `UPDATE user_token SET last_access = ?, last_origin = ? WHERE token = ?`
+	sqliteDeleteToken            = `DELETE FROM user_token WHERE user_id = ? AND token = ?`
+	sqliteDeleteProvisionedToken = `DELETE FROM user_token WHERE token = ?`
+	sqliteDeleteAllToken         = `DELETE FROM user_token WHERE user_id = ?`
+	sqliteDeleteExpiredTokens    = `DELETE FROM user_token WHERE expires > 0 AND expires < ?`
+	sqliteDeleteExcessTokens     = `
+		DELETE FROM user_token
+		WHERE user_id = ?
+		  AND (user_id, token) NOT IN (
+			SELECT user_id, token
+			FROM user_token
+			WHERE user_id = ?
+			ORDER BY expires DESC
+			LIMIT ?
+		)
+	`
+
+	// Tier queries
+	sqliteInsertTier = `
+		INSERT INTO tier (id, code, name, messages_limit, messages_expiry_duration, emails_limit, calls_limit, reservations_limit, attachment_file_size_limit, attachment_total_size_limit, attachment_expiry_duration, attachment_bandwidth_limit, stripe_monthly_price_id, stripe_yearly_price_id)
+		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
+	`
+	sqliteUpdateTier = `
+		UPDATE tier
+		SET name = ?, messages_limit = ?, messages_expiry_duration = ?, emails_limit = ?, calls_limit = ?, reservations_limit = ?, attachment_file_size_limit = ?, attachment_total_size_limit = ?, attachment_expiry_duration = ?, attachment_bandwidth_limit = ?, stripe_monthly_price_id = ?, stripe_yearly_price_id = ?
+		WHERE code = ?
+	`
+	sqliteSelectTiers = `
+		SELECT id, code, name, messages_limit, messages_expiry_duration, emails_limit, calls_limit, reservations_limit, attachment_file_size_limit, attachment_total_size_limit, attachment_expiry_duration, attachment_bandwidth_limit, stripe_monthly_price_id, stripe_yearly_price_id
+		FROM tier
+	`
+	sqliteSelectTierByCode = `
+		SELECT id, code, name, messages_limit, messages_expiry_duration, emails_limit, calls_limit, reservations_limit, attachment_file_size_limit, attachment_total_size_limit, attachment_expiry_duration, attachment_bandwidth_limit, stripe_monthly_price_id, stripe_yearly_price_id
+		FROM tier
+		WHERE code = ?
+	`
+	sqliteSelectTierByPriceID = `
+		SELECT id, code, name, messages_limit, messages_expiry_duration, emails_limit, calls_limit, reservations_limit, attachment_file_size_limit, attachment_total_size_limit, attachment_expiry_duration, attachment_bandwidth_limit, stripe_monthly_price_id, stripe_yearly_price_id
+		FROM tier
+		WHERE (stripe_monthly_price_id = ? OR stripe_yearly_price_id = ?)
+	`
+	sqliteDeleteTier = `DELETE FROM tier WHERE code = ?`
+
+	// Phone queries
+	sqliteSelectPhoneNumbers = `SELECT phone_number FROM user_phone WHERE user_id = ?`
+	sqliteInsertPhoneNumber  = `INSERT INTO user_phone (user_id, phone_number) VALUES (?, ?)`
+	sqliteDeletePhoneNumber  = `DELETE FROM user_phone WHERE user_id = ? AND phone_number = ?`
+
+	// Billing queries
+	sqliteUpdateBilling = `
+		UPDATE user
+		SET stripe_customer_id = ?, stripe_subscription_id = ?, stripe_subscription_status = ?, stripe_subscription_interval = ?, stripe_subscription_paid_until = ?, stripe_subscription_cancel_at = ?
+		WHERE user = ?
+	`
+)
+
+// NewSQLiteStore creates a new SQLite-backed user store
+func NewSQLiteStore(filename, startupQueries string) (Store, error) {
+	db, err := sql.Open("sqlite3", filename)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err := setupSQLite(db); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err := runSQLiteStartupQueries(db, startupQueries); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &commonStore{
+		db: db,
+		queries: storeQueries{
+			selectUserByID:              sqliteSelectUserByID,
+			selectUserByName:            sqliteSelectUserByName,
+			selectUserByToken:           sqliteSelectUserByToken,
+			selectUserByStripeID:        sqliteSelectUserByStripeID,
+			selectUsernames:             sqliteSelectUsernames,
+			selectUserCount:             sqliteSelectUserCount,
+			selectUserIDFromUsername:    sqliteSelectUserIDFromUsername,
+			insertUser:                  sqliteInsertUser,
+			updateUserPass:              sqliteUpdateUserPass,
+			updateUserRole:              sqliteUpdateUserRole,
+			updateUserProvisioned:       sqliteUpdateUserProvisioned,
+			updateUserPrefs:             sqliteUpdateUserPrefs,
+			updateUserStats:             sqliteUpdateUserStats,
+			updateUserStatsResetAll:     sqliteUpdateUserStatsResetAll,
+			updateUserTier:              sqliteUpdateUserTier,
+			updateUserDeleted:           sqliteUpdateUserDeleted,
+			deleteUser:                  sqliteDeleteUser,
+			deleteUserTier:              sqliteDeleteUserTier,
+			deleteUsersMarked:           sqliteDeleteUsersMarked,
+			selectTopicPerms:            sqliteSelectTopicPerms,
+			selectUserAllAccess:         sqliteSelectUserAllAccess,
+			selectUserAccess:            sqliteSelectUserAccess,
+			selectUserReservations:      sqliteSelectUserReservations,
+			selectUserReservationsCount: sqliteSelectUserReservationsCount,
+			selectUserReservationsOwner: sqliteSelectUserReservationsOwner,
+			selectUserHasReservation:    sqliteSelectUserHasReservation,
+			selectOtherAccessCount:      sqliteSelectOtherAccessCount,
+			upsertUserAccess:            sqliteUpsertUserAccess,
+			deleteUserAccess:            sqliteDeleteUserAccess,
+			deleteUserAccessProvisioned: sqliteDeleteUserAccessProvisioned,
+			deleteTopicAccess:           sqliteDeleteTopicAccess,
+			deleteAllAccess:             sqliteDeleteAllAccess,
+			selectToken:                 sqliteSelectToken,
+			selectTokens:                sqliteSelectTokens,
+			selectTokenCount:            sqliteSelectTokenCount,
+			selectAllProvisionedTokens:  sqliteSelectAllProvisionedTokens,
+			upsertToken:                 sqliteUpsertToken,
+			updateTokenLabel:            sqliteUpdateTokenLabel,
+			updateTokenExpiry:           sqliteUpdateTokenExpiry,
+			updateTokenLastAccess:       sqliteUpdateTokenLastAccess,
+			deleteToken:                 sqliteDeleteToken,
+			deleteProvisionedToken:      sqliteDeleteProvisionedToken,
+			deleteAllToken:              sqliteDeleteAllToken,
+			deleteExpiredTokens:         sqliteDeleteExpiredTokens,
+			deleteExcessTokens:          sqliteDeleteExcessTokens,
+			insertTier:                  sqliteInsertTier,
+			selectTiers:                 sqliteSelectTiers,
+			selectTierByCode:            sqliteSelectTierByCode,
+			selectTierByPriceID:         sqliteSelectTierByPriceID,
+			updateTier:                  sqliteUpdateTier,
+			deleteTier:                  sqliteDeleteTier,
+			selectPhoneNumbers:          sqliteSelectPhoneNumbers,
+			insertPhoneNumber:           sqliteInsertPhoneNumber,
+			deletePhoneNumber:           sqliteDeletePhoneNumber,
+			updateBilling:               sqliteUpdateBilling,
+		},
+	}, nil
+}
--- a/user/store_sqlite_schema.go
+++ b/user/store_sqlite_schema.go
@@ -0,0 +1,483 @@
+package user
+
+import (
+	"database/sql"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/log"
+	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/util"
+)
+
+// Initial SQLite schema
+const (
+	sqliteCreateTablesQueries = `
+		BEGIN;
+		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS tier (
+			id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+			code TEXT NOT NULL,
+			name TEXT NOT NULL,
+			messages_limit INT NOT NULL,
+			messages_expiry_duration INT NOT NULL,
+			emails_limit INT NOT NULL,
+			calls_limit INT NOT NULL,
+			reservations_limit INT NOT NULL,
+			attachment_file_size_limit INT NOT NULL,
+			attachment_total_size_limit INT NOT NULL,
+			attachment_expiry_duration INT NOT NULL,
+			attachment_bandwidth_limit INT NOT NULL,
+			stripe_monthly_price_id TEXT,
+			stripe_yearly_price_id TEXT
+		);
+		CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_tier_code ON tier (code);
+		CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_tier_stripe_monthly_price_id ON tier (stripe_monthly_price_id);
+		CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_tier_stripe_yearly_price_id ON tier (stripe_yearly_price_id);
+		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS user (
+		    id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+			tier_id TEXT,
+			user TEXT NOT NULL,
+			pass TEXT NOT NULL,
+			role TEXT CHECK (role IN ('anonymous', 'admin', 'user')) NOT NULL,
+			prefs JSON NOT NULL DEFAULT '{}',
+			sync_topic TEXT NOT NULL,
+			provisioned INT NOT NULL,
+			stats_messages INT NOT NULL DEFAULT (0),
+			stats_emails INT NOT NULL DEFAULT (0),
+			stats_calls INT NOT NULL DEFAULT (0),
+			stripe_customer_id TEXT,
+			stripe_subscription_id TEXT,
+			stripe_subscription_status TEXT,
+			stripe_subscription_interval TEXT,
+			stripe_subscription_paid_until INT,
+			stripe_subscription_cancel_at INT,
+			created INT NOT NULL,
+			deleted INT,
+		    FOREIGN KEY (tier_id) REFERENCES tier (id)
+		);
+		CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_user ON user (user);
+		CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_user_stripe_customer_id ON user (stripe_customer_id);
+		CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_user_stripe_subscription_id ON user (stripe_subscription_id);
+		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS user_access (
+			user_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+			topic TEXT NOT NULL,
+			read INT NOT NULL,
+			write INT NOT NULL,
+			owner_user_id INT,
+			provisioned INT NOT NULL,
+			PRIMARY KEY (user_id, topic),
+			FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES user (id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+		    FOREIGN KEY (owner_user_id) REFERENCES user (id) ON DELETE CASCADE
+		);
+		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS user_token (
+			user_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+			token TEXT NOT NULL,
+			label TEXT NOT NULL,
+			last_access INT NOT NULL,
+			last_origin TEXT NOT NULL,
+			expires INT NOT NULL,
+			provisioned INT NOT NULL,
+			PRIMARY KEY (user_id, token),
+			FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES user (id) ON DELETE CASCADE
+		);
+		CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_user_token ON user_token (token);
+		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS user_phone (
+			user_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+			phone_number TEXT NOT NULL,
+			PRIMARY KEY (user_id, phone_number),
+			FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES user (id) ON DELETE CASCADE
+		);
+		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS schemaVersion (
+			id INT PRIMARY KEY,
+			version INT NOT NULL
+		);
+		INSERT INTO user (id, user, pass, role, sync_topic, provisioned, created)
+		VALUES ('` + everyoneID + `', '*', '', 'anonymous', '', false, UNIXEPOCH())
+		ON CONFLICT (id) DO NOTHING;
+		COMMIT;
+	`
+)
+
+const (
+	sqliteBuiltinStartupQueries = `PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON;`
+)
+
+// Schema version table management for SQLite
+const (
+	sqliteCurrentSchemaVersion     = 6
+	sqliteInsertSchemaVersion      = `INSERT INTO schemaVersion VALUES (1, ?)`
+	sqliteUpdateSchemaVersion      = `UPDATE schemaVersion SET version = ? WHERE id = 1`
+	sqliteSelectSchemaVersionQuery = `SELECT version FROM schemaVersion WHERE id = 1`
+)
+
+// Schema migrations for SQLite
+const (
+	// 1 -> 2 (complex migration!)
+	sqliteMigrate1To2CreateTablesQueries = `
+		ALTER TABLE user RENAME TO user_old;
+		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS tier (
+			id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+			code TEXT NOT NULL,
+			name TEXT NOT NULL,
+			messages_limit INT NOT NULL,
+			messages_expiry_duration INT NOT NULL,
+			emails_limit INT NOT NULL,
+			reservations_limit INT NOT NULL,
+			attachment_file_size_limit INT NOT NULL,
+			attachment_total_size_limit INT NOT NULL,
+			attachment_expiry_duration INT NOT NULL,
+			attachment_bandwidth_limit INT NOT NULL,
+			stripe_price_id TEXT
+		);
+		CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_tier_code ON tier (code);
+		CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_tier_price_id ON tier (stripe_price_id);
+		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS user (
+		    id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+			tier_id TEXT,
+			user TEXT NOT NULL,
+			pass TEXT NOT NULL,
+			role TEXT CHECK (role IN ('anonymous', 'admin', 'user')) NOT NULL,
+			prefs JSON NOT NULL DEFAULT '{}',
+			sync_topic TEXT NOT NULL,
+			stats_messages INT NOT NULL DEFAULT (0),
+			stats_emails INT NOT NULL DEFAULT (0),
+			stripe_customer_id TEXT,
+			stripe_subscription_id TEXT,
+			stripe_subscription_status TEXT,
+			stripe_subscription_paid_until INT,
+			stripe_subscription_cancel_at INT,
+			created INT NOT NULL,
+			deleted INT,
+		    FOREIGN KEY (tier_id) REFERENCES tier (id)
+		);
+		CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_user ON user (user);
+		CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_user_stripe_customer_id ON user (stripe_customer_id);
+		CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_user_stripe_subscription_id ON user (stripe_subscription_id);
+		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS user_access (
+			user_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+			topic TEXT NOT NULL,
+			read INT NOT NULL,
+			write INT NOT NULL,
+			owner_user_id INT,
+			PRIMARY KEY (user_id, topic),
+			FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES user (id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+		    FOREIGN KEY (owner_user_id) REFERENCES user (id) ON DELETE CASCADE
+		);
+		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS user_token (
+			user_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+			token TEXT NOT NULL,
+			label TEXT NOT NULL,
+			last_access INT NOT NULL,
+			last_origin TEXT NOT NULL,
+			expires INT NOT NULL,
+			PRIMARY KEY (user_id, token),
+			FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES user (id) ON DELETE CASCADE
+		);
+		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS schemaVersion (
+			id INT PRIMARY KEY,
+			version INT NOT NULL
+		);
+		INSERT INTO user (id, user, pass, role, sync_topic, created)
+		VALUES ('u_everyone', '*', '', 'anonymous', '', UNIXEPOCH())
+		ON CONFLICT (id) DO NOTHING;
+	`
+	sqliteMigrate1To2SelectAllOldUsernamesNoTx = `SELECT user FROM user_old`
+	sqliteMigrate1To2InsertUserNoTx            = `
+		INSERT INTO user (id, user, pass, role, sync_topic, created)
+		SELECT ?, user, pass, role, ?, UNIXEPOCH() FROM user_old WHERE user = ?
+	`
+	sqliteMigrate1To2InsertFromOldTablesAndDropNoTx = `
+		INSERT INTO user_access (user_id, topic, read, write)
+		SELECT u.id, a.topic, a.read, a.write
+		FROM user u
+	 	JOIN access a ON u.user = a.user;
+
+		DROP TABLE access;
+		DROP TABLE user_old;
+	`
+
+	// 2 -> 3
+	sqliteMigrate2To3UpdateQueries = `
+		ALTER TABLE user ADD COLUMN stripe_subscription_interval TEXT;
+		ALTER TABLE tier RENAME COLUMN stripe_price_id TO stripe_monthly_price_id;
+		ALTER TABLE tier ADD COLUMN stripe_yearly_price_id TEXT;
+		DROP INDEX IF EXISTS idx_tier_price_id;
+		CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_tier_stripe_monthly_price_id ON tier (stripe_monthly_price_id);
+		CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_tier_stripe_yearly_price_id ON tier (stripe_yearly_price_id);
+	`
+
+	// 3 -> 4
+	sqliteMigrate3To4UpdateQueries = `
+		ALTER TABLE tier ADD COLUMN calls_limit INT NOT NULL DEFAULT (0);
+		ALTER TABLE user ADD COLUMN stats_calls INT NOT NULL DEFAULT (0);
+		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS user_phone (
+			user_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+			phone_number TEXT NOT NULL,
+			PRIMARY KEY (user_id, phone_number),
+			FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES user (id) ON DELETE CASCADE
+		);
+	`
+
+	// 4 -> 5
+	sqliteMigrate4To5UpdateQueries = `
+		UPDATE user_access SET topic = REPLACE(topic, '_', '\_');
+	`
+
+	// 5 -> 6
+	sqliteMigrate5To6UpdateQueries = `
+		PRAGMA foreign_keys=off;
+
+		-- Alter user table: Add provisioned column
+		ALTER TABLE user RENAME TO user_old;
+		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS user (
+		    id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+			tier_id TEXT,
+			user TEXT NOT NULL,
+			pass TEXT NOT NULL,
+			role TEXT CHECK (role IN ('anonymous', 'admin', 'user')) NOT NULL,
+			prefs JSON NOT NULL DEFAULT '{}',
+			sync_topic TEXT NOT NULL,
+			provisioned INT NOT NULL,
+			stats_messages INT NOT NULL DEFAULT (0),
+			stats_emails INT NOT NULL DEFAULT (0),
+			stats_calls INT NOT NULL DEFAULT (0),
+			stripe_customer_id TEXT,
+			stripe_subscription_id TEXT,
+			stripe_subscription_status TEXT,
+			stripe_subscription_interval TEXT,
+			stripe_subscription_paid_until INT,
+			stripe_subscription_cancel_at INT,
+			created INT NOT NULL,
+			deleted INT,
+		    FOREIGN KEY (tier_id) REFERENCES tier (id)
+		);
+		INSERT INTO user
+		SELECT
+		    id,
+		    tier_id,
+		    user,
+		    pass,
+		    role,
+		    prefs,
+		    sync_topic,
+		    0, -- provisioned
+		    stats_messages,
+		    stats_emails,
+		    stats_calls,
+		    stripe_customer_id,
+		    stripe_subscription_id,
+		    stripe_subscription_status,
+		    stripe_subscription_interval,
+		    stripe_subscription_paid_until,
+		    stripe_subscription_cancel_at,
+		    created,
+		    deleted
+		FROM user_old;
+		DROP TABLE user_old;
+
+		-- Alter user_access table: Add provisioned column
+		ALTER TABLE user_access RENAME TO user_access_old;
+		CREATE TABLE user_access (
+			user_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+			topic TEXT NOT NULL,
+			read INT NOT NULL,
+			write INT NOT NULL,
+			owner_user_id INT,
+			provisioned INTEGER NOT NULL,
+			PRIMARY KEY (user_id, topic),
+			FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES user (id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+			FOREIGN KEY (owner_user_id) REFERENCES user (id) ON DELETE CASCADE
+		);
+		INSERT INTO user_access SELECT *, 0 FROM user_access_old;
+		DROP TABLE user_access_old;
+
+		-- Alter user_token table: Add provisioned column
+		ALTER TABLE user_token RENAME TO user_token_old;
+		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS user_token (
+			user_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+			token TEXT NOT NULL,
+			label TEXT NOT NULL,
+			last_access INT NOT NULL,
+			last_origin TEXT NOT NULL,
+			expires INT NOT NULL,
+			provisioned INT NOT NULL,
+			PRIMARY KEY (user_id, token),
+			FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES user (id) ON DELETE CASCADE
+		);
+		INSERT INTO user_token SELECT *, 0 FROM user_token_old;
+		DROP TABLE user_token_old;
+
+		-- Recreate indices
+		CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_user ON user (user);
+		CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_user_stripe_customer_id ON user (stripe_customer_id);
+		CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_user_stripe_subscription_id ON user (stripe_subscription_id);
+		CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_user_token ON user_token (token);
+
+		-- Re-enable foreign keys
+		PRAGMA foreign_keys=on;
+	`
+)
+
+var (
+	sqliteMigrations = map[int]func(db *sql.DB) error{
+		1: sqliteMigrateFrom1,
+		2: sqliteMigrateFrom2,
+		3: sqliteMigrateFrom3,
+		4: sqliteMigrateFrom4,
+		5: sqliteMigrateFrom5,
+	}
+)
+
+func setupSQLite(db *sql.DB) error {
+	var schemaVersion int
+	err := db.QueryRow(sqliteSelectSchemaVersionQuery).Scan(&schemaVersion)
+	if err != nil {
+		return setupNewSQLite(db)
+	}
+	if schemaVersion == sqliteCurrentSchemaVersion {
+		return nil
+	} else if schemaVersion > sqliteCurrentSchemaVersion {
+		return fmt.Errorf("unexpected schema version: version %d is higher than current version %d", schemaVersion, sqliteCurrentSchemaVersion)
+	}
+	for i := schemaVersion; i < sqliteCurrentSchemaVersion; i++ {
+		fn, ok := sqliteMigrations[i]
+		if !ok {
+			return fmt.Errorf("cannot find migration step from schema version %d to %d", i, i+1)
+		} else if err := fn(db); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func setupNewSQLite(db *sql.DB) error {
+	if _, err := db.Exec(sqliteCreateTablesQueries); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if _, err := db.Exec(sqliteInsertSchemaVersion, sqliteCurrentSchemaVersion); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func runSQLiteStartupQueries(db *sql.DB, startupQueries string) error {
+	if _, err := db.Exec(sqliteBuiltinStartupQueries); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if startupQueries != "" {
+		if _, err := db.Exec(startupQueries); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func sqliteMigrateFrom1(db *sql.DB) error {
+	log.Tag(tag).Info("Migrating user database schema: from 1 to 2")
+	tx, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+	// Rename user -> user_old, and create new tables
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(sqliteMigrate1To2CreateTablesQueries); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// Insert users from user_old into new user table, with ID and sync_topic
+	rows, err := tx.Query(sqliteMigrate1To2SelectAllOldUsernamesNoTx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	usernames := make([]string, 0)
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var username string
+		if err := rows.Scan(&username); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		usernames = append(usernames, username)
+	}
+	if err := rows.Close(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	for _, username := range usernames {
+		userID := util.RandomStringPrefix(userIDPrefix, userIDLength)
+		syncTopic := util.RandomStringPrefix(syncTopicPrefix, syncTopicLength)
+		if _, err := tx.Exec(sqliteMigrate1To2InsertUserNoTx, userID, syncTopic, username); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	// Migrate old "access" table to "user_access" and drop "access" and "user_old"
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(sqliteMigrate1To2InsertFromOldTablesAndDropNoTx); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(sqliteUpdateSchemaVersion, 2); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := tx.Commit(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func sqliteMigrateFrom2(db *sql.DB) error {
+	log.Tag(tag).Info("Migrating user database schema: from 2 to 3")
+	tx, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(sqliteMigrate2To3UpdateQueries); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(sqliteUpdateSchemaVersion, 3); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return tx.Commit()
+}
+
+func sqliteMigrateFrom3(db *sql.DB) error {
+	log.Tag(tag).Info("Migrating user database schema: from 3 to 4")
+	tx, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(sqliteMigrate3To4UpdateQueries); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(sqliteUpdateSchemaVersion, 4); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return tx.Commit()
+}
+
+func sqliteMigrateFrom4(db *sql.DB) error {
+	log.Tag(tag).Info("Migrating user database schema: from 4 to 5")
+	tx, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(sqliteMigrate4To5UpdateQueries); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(sqliteUpdateSchemaVersion, 5); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return tx.Commit()
+}
+
+func sqliteMigrateFrom5(db *sql.DB) error {
+	log.Tag(tag).Info("Migrating user database schema: from 5 to 6")
+	tx, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(sqliteMigrate5To6UpdateQueries); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(sqliteUpdateSchemaVersion, 6); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return tx.Commit()
+}
--- a/user/store_sqlite_test.go
+++ b/user/store_sqlite_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+package user_test
+
+import (
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/user"
+)
+
+func newTestSQLiteStore(t *testing.T) user.Store {
+	store, err := user.NewSQLiteStore(filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "user.db"), "")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	t.Cleanup(func() { store.Close() })
+	return store
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreAddUser(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreAddUser(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreAddUserAlreadyExists(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreAddUserAlreadyExists(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreRemoveUser(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreRemoveUser(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreUserByID(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreUserByID(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreUserByToken(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreUserByToken(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreUserByStripeCustomer(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreUserByStripeCustomer(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreUsers(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreUsers(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreUsersCount(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreUsersCount(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreChangePassword(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreChangePassword(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreChangeRole(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreChangeRole(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreTokens(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreTokens(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreTokenChangeLabel(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreTokenChangeLabel(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreTokenRemove(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreTokenRemove(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreTokenRemoveExpired(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreTokenRemoveExpired(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreTokenRemoveExcess(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreTokenRemoveExcess(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreTokenUpdateLastAccess(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreTokenUpdateLastAccess(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreAllowAccess(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreAllowAccess(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreAllowAccessReadOnly(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreAllowAccessReadOnly(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreResetAccess(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreResetAccess(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreResetAccessAll(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreResetAccessAll(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreAuthorizeTopicAccess(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreAuthorizeTopicAccess(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreAuthorizeTopicAccessNotFound(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreAuthorizeTopicAccessNotFound(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreAuthorizeTopicAccessDenyAll(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreAuthorizeTopicAccessDenyAll(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreReservations(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreReservations(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreReservationsCount(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreReservationsCount(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreHasReservation(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreHasReservation(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreReservationOwner(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreReservationOwner(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreTiers(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreTiers(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreTierUpdate(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreTierUpdate(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreTierRemove(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreTierRemove(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreTierByStripePrice(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreTierByStripePrice(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreChangeTier(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreChangeTier(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStorePhoneNumbers(t *testing.T) {
+	testStorePhoneNumbers(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreChangeSettings(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreChangeSettings(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreChangeBilling(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreChangeBilling(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreUpdateStats(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreUpdateStats(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreResetStats(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreResetStats(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreMarkUserRemoved(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreMarkUserRemoved(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreRemoveDeletedUsers(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreRemoveDeletedUsers(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreAllGrants(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreAllGrants(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreOtherAccessCount(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreOtherAccessCount(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
--- a/user/store_test.go
+++ b/user/store_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,619 @@
+package user_test
+
+import (
+	"net/netip"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/user"
+)
+
+func testStoreAddUser(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	u, err := store.User("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "phil", u.Name)
+	require.Equal(t, user.RoleUser, u.Role)
+	require.False(t, u.Provisioned)
+	require.NotEmpty(t, u.ID)
+	require.NotEmpty(t, u.SyncTopic)
+}
+
+func testStoreAddUserAlreadyExists(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	require.Equal(t, user.ErrUserExists, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+}
+
+func testStoreRemoveUser(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	u, err := store.User("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "phil", u.Name)
+
+	require.Nil(t, store.RemoveUser("phil"))
+	_, err = store.User("phil")
+	require.Equal(t, user.ErrUserNotFound, err)
+}
+
+func testStoreUserByID(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleAdmin, false))
+	u, err := store.User("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+
+	u2, err := store.UserByID(u.ID)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, u.Name, u2.Name)
+	require.Equal(t, u.ID, u2.ID)
+}
+
+func testStoreUserByToken(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	u, err := store.User("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+
+	tk, err := store.CreateToken(u.ID, "tk_test123", "test token", time.Now(), netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), time.Now().Add(24*time.Hour), false)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "tk_test123", tk.Value)
+
+	u2, err := store.UserByToken(tk.Value)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "phil", u2.Name)
+}
+
+func testStoreUserByStripeCustomer(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	require.Nil(t, store.ChangeBilling("phil", &user.Billing{
+		StripeCustomerID:     "cus_test123",
+		StripeSubscriptionID: "sub_test123",
+	}))
+
+	u, err := store.UserByStripeCustomer("cus_test123")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "phil", u.Name)
+	require.Equal(t, "cus_test123", u.Billing.StripeCustomerID)
+}
+
+func testStoreUsers(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("ben", "benhash", user.RoleAdmin, false))
+
+	users, err := store.Users()
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.True(t, len(users) >= 3) // phil, ben, and the everyone user
+}
+
+func testStoreUsersCount(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	count, err := store.UsersCount()
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.True(t, count >= 1) // At least the everyone user
+
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	count2, err := store.UsersCount()
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, count+1, count2)
+}
+
+func testStoreChangePassword(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	u, err := store.User("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "philhash", u.Hash)
+
+	require.Nil(t, store.ChangePassword("phil", "newhash"))
+	u, err = store.User("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "newhash", u.Hash)
+}
+
+func testStoreChangeRole(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	u, err := store.User("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, user.RoleUser, u.Role)
+
+	require.Nil(t, store.ChangeRole("phil", user.RoleAdmin))
+	u, err = store.User("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, user.RoleAdmin, u.Role)
+}
+
+func testStoreTokens(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	u, err := store.User("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+
+	now := time.Now()
+	expires := now.Add(24 * time.Hour)
+	origin := netip.MustParseAddr("9.9.9.9")
+
+	tk, err := store.CreateToken(u.ID, "tk_abc", "my token", now, origin, expires, false)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "tk_abc", tk.Value)
+	require.Equal(t, "my token", tk.Label)
+
+	// Get single token
+	tk2, err := store.Token(u.ID, "tk_abc")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "tk_abc", tk2.Value)
+	require.Equal(t, "my token", tk2.Label)
+
+	// Get all tokens
+	tokens, err := store.Tokens(u.ID)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, tokens, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "tk_abc", tokens[0].Value)
+
+	// Token count
+	count, err := store.TokenCount(u.ID)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, count)
+}
+
+func testStoreTokenChangeLabel(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	u, err := store.User("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+
+	_, err = store.CreateToken(u.ID, "tk_abc", "old label", time.Now(), netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), time.Now().Add(time.Hour), false)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+
+	require.Nil(t, store.ChangeTokenLabel(u.ID, "tk_abc", "new label"))
+	tk, err := store.Token(u.ID, "tk_abc")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "new label", tk.Label)
+}
+
+func testStoreTokenRemove(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	u, err := store.User("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+
+	_, err = store.CreateToken(u.ID, "tk_abc", "label", time.Now(), netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), time.Now().Add(time.Hour), false)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+
+	require.Nil(t, store.RemoveToken(u.ID, "tk_abc"))
+	_, err = store.Token(u.ID, "tk_abc")
+	require.Equal(t, user.ErrTokenNotFound, err)
+}
+
+func testStoreTokenRemoveExpired(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	u, err := store.User("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+
+	// Create expired token and active token
+	_, err = store.CreateToken(u.ID, "tk_expired", "expired", time.Now(), netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), time.Now().Add(-time.Hour), false)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	_, err = store.CreateToken(u.ID, "tk_active", "active", time.Now(), netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), time.Now().Add(time.Hour), false)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+
+	require.Nil(t, store.RemoveExpiredTokens())
+
+	// Expired token should be gone
+	_, err = store.Token(u.ID, "tk_expired")
+	require.Equal(t, user.ErrTokenNotFound, err)
+
+	// Active token should still exist
+	tk, err := store.Token(u.ID, "tk_active")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "tk_active", tk.Value)
+}
+
+func testStoreTokenRemoveExcess(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	u, err := store.User("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+
+	// Create 3 tokens with increasing expiry
+	for i, name := range []string{"tk_a", "tk_b", "tk_c"} {
+		_, err = store.CreateToken(u.ID, name, name, time.Now(), netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), time.Now().Add(time.Duration(i+1)*time.Hour), false)
+		require.Nil(t, err)
+	}
+
+	count, err := store.TokenCount(u.ID)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 3, count)
+
+	// Remove excess, keep only 2 (the ones with latest expiry: tk_b, tk_c)
+	require.Nil(t, store.RemoveExcessTokens(u.ID, 2))
+
+	count, err = store.TokenCount(u.ID)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 2, count)
+
+	// tk_a should be removed (earliest expiry)
+	_, err = store.Token(u.ID, "tk_a")
+	require.Equal(t, user.ErrTokenNotFound, err)
+
+	// tk_b and tk_c should remain
+	_, err = store.Token(u.ID, "tk_b")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	_, err = store.Token(u.ID, "tk_c")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+}
+
+func testStoreTokenUpdateLastAccess(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	u, err := store.User("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+
+	_, err = store.CreateToken(u.ID, "tk_abc", "label", time.Now(), netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), time.Now().Add(time.Hour), false)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+
+	newTime := time.Now().Add(5 * time.Minute)
+	newOrigin := netip.MustParseAddr("5.5.5.5")
+	require.Nil(t, store.UpdateTokenLastAccess("tk_abc", newTime, newOrigin))
+
+	tk, err := store.Token(u.ID, "tk_abc")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, newTime.Unix(), tk.LastAccess.Unix())
+	require.Equal(t, newOrigin, tk.LastOrigin)
+}
+
+func testStoreAllowAccess(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+
+	require.Nil(t, store.AllowAccess("phil", "mytopic", true, true, "", false))
+	grants, err := store.Grants("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, grants, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "mytopic", grants[0].TopicPattern)
+	require.True(t, grants[0].Permission.IsReadWrite())
+}
+
+func testStoreAllowAccessReadOnly(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+
+	require.Nil(t, store.AllowAccess("phil", "announcements", true, false, "", false))
+	grants, err := store.Grants("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, grants, 1)
+	require.True(t, grants[0].Permission.IsRead())
+	require.False(t, grants[0].Permission.IsWrite())
+}
+
+func testStoreResetAccess(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	require.Nil(t, store.AllowAccess("phil", "topic1", true, true, "", false))
+	require.Nil(t, store.AllowAccess("phil", "topic2", true, false, "", false))
+
+	grants, err := store.Grants("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, grants, 2)
+
+	require.Nil(t, store.ResetAccess("phil", "topic1"))
+	grants, err = store.Grants("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, grants, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "topic2", grants[0].TopicPattern)
+}
+
+func testStoreResetAccessAll(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	require.Nil(t, store.AllowAccess("phil", "topic1", true, true, "", false))
+	require.Nil(t, store.AllowAccess("phil", "topic2", true, false, "", false))
+
+	require.Nil(t, store.ResetAccess("phil", ""))
+	grants, err := store.Grants("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, grants, 0)
+}
+
+func testStoreAuthorizeTopicAccess(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	require.Nil(t, store.AllowAccess("phil", "mytopic", true, true, "", false))
+
+	read, write, found, err := store.AuthorizeTopicAccess("phil", "mytopic")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.True(t, found)
+	require.True(t, read)
+	require.True(t, write)
+}
+
+func testStoreAuthorizeTopicAccessNotFound(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+
+	_, _, found, err := store.AuthorizeTopicAccess("phil", "other")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.False(t, found)
+}
+
+func testStoreAuthorizeTopicAccessDenyAll(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	require.Nil(t, store.AllowAccess("phil", "secret", false, false, "", false))
+
+	read, write, found, err := store.AuthorizeTopicAccess("phil", "secret")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.True(t, found)
+	require.False(t, read)
+	require.False(t, write)
+}
+
+func testStoreReservations(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	require.Nil(t, store.AllowAccess("phil", "mytopic", true, true, "phil", false))
+	require.Nil(t, store.AllowAccess(user.Everyone, "mytopic", true, false, "phil", false))
+
+	reservations, err := store.Reservations("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, reservations, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "mytopic", reservations[0].Topic)
+	require.True(t, reservations[0].Owner.IsReadWrite())
+	require.True(t, reservations[0].Everyone.IsRead())
+	require.False(t, reservations[0].Everyone.IsWrite())
+}
+
+func testStoreReservationsCount(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	require.Nil(t, store.AllowAccess("phil", "topic1", true, true, "phil", false))
+	require.Nil(t, store.AllowAccess("phil", "topic2", true, true, "phil", false))
+
+	count, err := store.ReservationsCount("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(2), count)
+}
+
+func testStoreHasReservation(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	require.Nil(t, store.AllowAccess("phil", "mytopic", true, true, "phil", false))
+
+	has, err := store.HasReservation("phil", "mytopic")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.True(t, has)
+
+	has, err = store.HasReservation("phil", "other")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.False(t, has)
+}
+
+func testStoreReservationOwner(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	require.Nil(t, store.AllowAccess("phil", "mytopic", true, true, "phil", false))
+
+	owner, err := store.ReservationOwner("mytopic")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.NotEmpty(t, owner) // Returns the user ID
+
+	owner, err = store.ReservationOwner("unowned")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Empty(t, owner)
+}
+
+func testStoreTiers(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	tier := &user.Tier{
+		ID:                       "ti_test",
+		Code:                     "pro",
+		Name:                     "Pro",
+		MessageLimit:             5000,
+		MessageExpiryDuration:    24 * time.Hour,
+		EmailLimit:               100,
+		CallLimit:                10,
+		ReservationLimit:         20,
+		AttachmentFileSizeLimit:  10 * 1024 * 1024,
+		AttachmentTotalSizeLimit: 100 * 1024 * 1024,
+		AttachmentExpiryDuration: 48 * time.Hour,
+		AttachmentBandwidthLimit: 500 * 1024 * 1024,
+	}
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddTier(tier))
+
+	// Get by code
+	t2, err := store.Tier("pro")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "ti_test", t2.ID)
+	require.Equal(t, "pro", t2.Code)
+	require.Equal(t, "Pro", t2.Name)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(5000), t2.MessageLimit)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(100), t2.EmailLimit)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(10), t2.CallLimit)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(20), t2.ReservationLimit)
+
+	// List all tiers
+	tiers, err := store.Tiers()
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, tiers, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "pro", tiers[0].Code)
+}
+
+func testStoreTierUpdate(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	tier := &user.Tier{
+		ID:   "ti_test",
+		Code: "pro",
+		Name: "Pro",
+	}
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddTier(tier))
+
+	tier.Name = "Professional"
+	tier.MessageLimit = 9999
+	require.Nil(t, store.UpdateTier(tier))
+
+	t2, err := store.Tier("pro")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "Professional", t2.Name)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(9999), t2.MessageLimit)
+}
+
+func testStoreTierRemove(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	tier := &user.Tier{
+		ID:   "ti_test",
+		Code: "pro",
+		Name: "Pro",
+	}
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddTier(tier))
+
+	t2, err := store.Tier("pro")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "pro", t2.Code)
+
+	require.Nil(t, store.RemoveTier("pro"))
+	_, err = store.Tier("pro")
+	require.Equal(t, user.ErrTierNotFound, err)
+}
+
+func testStoreTierByStripePrice(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	tier := &user.Tier{
+		ID:                   "ti_test",
+		Code:                 "pro",
+		Name:                 "Pro",
+		StripeMonthlyPriceID: "price_monthly",
+		StripeYearlyPriceID:  "price_yearly",
+	}
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddTier(tier))
+
+	t2, err := store.TierByStripePrice("price_monthly")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "pro", t2.Code)
+
+	t3, err := store.TierByStripePrice("price_yearly")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "pro", t3.Code)
+}
+
+func testStoreChangeTier(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	tier := &user.Tier{
+		ID:   "ti_test",
+		Code: "pro",
+		Name: "Pro",
+	}
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddTier(tier))
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	require.Nil(t, store.ChangeTier("phil", "pro"))
+
+	u, err := store.User("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, u.Tier)
+	require.Equal(t, "pro", u.Tier.Code)
+}
+
+func testStorePhoneNumbers(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	u, err := store.User("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddPhoneNumber(u.ID, "+1234567890"))
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddPhoneNumber(u.ID, "+0987654321"))
+
+	numbers, err := store.PhoneNumbers(u.ID)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, numbers, 2)
+
+	require.Nil(t, store.RemovePhoneNumber(u.ID, "+1234567890"))
+	numbers, err = store.PhoneNumbers(u.ID)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, numbers, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "+0987654321", numbers[0])
+}
+
+func testStoreChangeSettings(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	u, err := store.User("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+
+	lang := "de"
+	prefs := &user.Prefs{Language: &lang}
+	require.Nil(t, store.ChangeSettings(u.ID, prefs))
+
+	u2, err := store.User("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, u2.Prefs)
+	require.Equal(t, "de", *u2.Prefs.Language)
+}
+
+func testStoreChangeBilling(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+
+	billing := &user.Billing{
+		StripeCustomerID:     "cus_123",
+		StripeSubscriptionID: "sub_456",
+	}
+	require.Nil(t, store.ChangeBilling("phil", billing))
+
+	u, err := store.User("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, "cus_123", u.Billing.StripeCustomerID)
+	require.Equal(t, "sub_456", u.Billing.StripeSubscriptionID)
+}
+
+func testStoreUpdateStats(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	u, err := store.User("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+
+	stats := &user.Stats{Messages: 42, Emails: 3, Calls: 1}
+	require.Nil(t, store.UpdateStats(u.ID, stats))
+
+	u2, err := store.User("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(42), u2.Stats.Messages)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(3), u2.Stats.Emails)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(1), u2.Stats.Calls)
+}
+
+func testStoreResetStats(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	u, err := store.User("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+
+	require.Nil(t, store.UpdateStats(u.ID, &user.Stats{Messages: 42, Emails: 3, Calls: 1}))
+	require.Nil(t, store.ResetStats())
+
+	u2, err := store.User("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(0), u2.Stats.Messages)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(0), u2.Stats.Emails)
+	require.Equal(t, int64(0), u2.Stats.Calls)
+}
+
+func testStoreMarkUserRemoved(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	u, err := store.User("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+
+	require.Nil(t, store.MarkUserRemoved(u.ID))
+
+	u2, err := store.User("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.True(t, u2.Deleted)
+}
+
+func testStoreRemoveDeletedUsers(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	u, err := store.User("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+
+	require.Nil(t, store.MarkUserRemoved(u.ID))
+
+	// RemoveDeletedUsers only removes users past the hard-delete duration (7 days).
+	// Immediately after marking, the user should still exist.
+	require.Nil(t, store.RemoveDeletedUsers())
+	u2, err := store.User("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.True(t, u2.Deleted)
+}
+
+func testStoreAllGrants(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("ben", "benhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	phil, err := store.User("phil")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	ben, err := store.User("ben")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+
+	require.Nil(t, store.AllowAccess("phil", "topic1", true, true, "", false))
+	require.Nil(t, store.AllowAccess("ben", "topic2", true, false, "", false))
+
+	grants, err := store.AllGrants()
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Contains(t, grants, phil.ID)
+	require.Contains(t, grants, ben.ID)
+}
+
+func testStoreOtherAccessCount(t *testing.T, store user.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("phil", "philhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	require.Nil(t, store.AddUser("ben", "benhash", user.RoleUser, false))
+	require.Nil(t, store.AllowAccess("ben", "mytopic", true, true, "ben", false))
+
+	count, err := store.OtherAccessCount("phil", "mytopic")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Equal(t, 1, count)
+}
--- a/user/types.go
+++ b/user/types.go
@@ -242,6 +242,20 @@ const (
 	everyoneID = "u_everyone"
 )

+// Config holds the configuration for the user Manager
+type Config struct {
+	Filename            string              // Database filename, e.g. "/var/lib/ntfy/user.db" (SQLite)
+	DatabaseURL         string              // Database connection string (PostgreSQL)
+	StartupQueries      string              // Queries to run on startup, e.g. to create initial users or tiers (SQLite only)
+	DefaultAccess       Permission          // Default permission if no ACL matches
+	ProvisionEnabled    bool                // Hack: Enable auto-provisioning of users and access grants, disabled for "ntfy user" commands
+	Users               []*User             // Predefined users to create on startup
+	Access              map[string][]*Grant // Predefined access grants to create on startup (username -> []*Grant)
+	Tokens              map[string][]*Token // Predefined users to create on startup (username -> []*Token)
+	QueueWriterInterval time.Duration       // Interval for the async queue writer to flush stats and token updates to the database
+	BcryptCost          int                 // Cost of generated passwords; lowering makes testing faster
+}
+
 // Error constants used by the package
 var (
 	ErrUnauthenticated        = errors.New("unauthenticated")
--- a/user/util.go
+++ b/user/util.go
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 package user

 import (
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/bcrypt"
-	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/util"
+	"database/sql"
 	"regexp"
 	"strings"
+
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/bcrypt"
+	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/util"
 )

 var (
@@ -77,3 +79,69 @@ func hashPassword(password string, cost int) (string, error) {
 	}
 	return string(hash), nil
 }
+
+func nullString(s string) sql.NullString {
+	if s == "" {
+		return sql.NullString{}
+	}
+	return sql.NullString{String: s, Valid: true}
+}
+
+func nullInt64(v int64) sql.NullInt64 {
+	if v == 0 {
+		return sql.NullInt64{}
+	}
+	return sql.NullInt64{Int64: v, Valid: true}
+}
+
+// execTx executes a function in a transaction. If the function returns an error, the transaction is rolled back.
+func execTx(db *sql.DB, f func(tx *sql.Tx) error) error {
+	tx, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+	if err := f(tx); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return tx.Commit()
+}
+
+// queryTx executes a function in a transaction and returns the result. If the function
+// returns an error, the transaction is rolled back.
+func queryTx[T any](db *sql.DB, f func(tx *sql.Tx) (T, error)) (T, error) {
+	tx, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		var zero T
+		return zero, err
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+	t, err := f(tx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return t, err
+	}
+	if err := tx.Commit(); err != nil {
+		return t, err
+	}
+	return t, nil
+}
+
+// toSQLWildcard converts a wildcard string to a SQL wildcard string. It only allows '*' as wildcards,
+// and escapes '_', assuming '\' as escape character.
+func toSQLWildcard(s string) string {
+	return escapeUnderscore(strings.ReplaceAll(s, "*", "%"))
+}
+
+// fromSQLWildcard converts a SQL wildcard string to a wildcard string. It converts '%' to '*',
+// and removes the '\_' escape character.
+func fromSQLWildcard(s string) string {
+	return strings.ReplaceAll(unescapeUnderscore(s), "%", "*")
+}
+
+func escapeUnderscore(s string) string {
+	return strings.ReplaceAll(s, "_", "\\_")
+}
+
+func unescapeUnderscore(s string) string {
+	return strings.ReplaceAll(s, "\\_", "_")
+}
--- a/user/util_test.go
+++ b/user/util_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+package user
+
+import (
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestAllowedRole(t *testing.T) {
+	require.True(t, AllowedRole(RoleUser))
+	require.True(t, AllowedRole(RoleAdmin))
+	require.False(t, AllowedRole(RoleAnonymous))
+	require.False(t, AllowedRole(Role("invalid")))
+	require.False(t, AllowedRole(Role("")))
+	require.False(t, AllowedRole(Role("superadmin")))
+}
+
+func TestAllowedTopic(t *testing.T) {
+	// Valid topics
+	require.True(t, AllowedTopic("test"))
+	require.True(t, AllowedTopic("mytopic"))
+	require.True(t, AllowedTopic("topic123"))
+	require.True(t, AllowedTopic("my-topic"))
+	require.True(t, AllowedTopic("my_topic"))
+	require.True(t, AllowedTopic("Topic123"))
+	require.True(t, AllowedTopic("a"))
+	require.True(t, AllowedTopic(strings.Repeat("a", 64))) // Max length
+
+	// Invalid topics - wildcards not allowed
+	require.False(t, AllowedTopic("topic*"))
+	require.False(t, AllowedTopic("*"))
+	require.False(t, AllowedTopic("my*topic"))
+
+	// Invalid topics - special characters
+	require.False(t, AllowedTopic("my topic"))  // Space
+	require.False(t, AllowedTopic("my.topic"))  // Dot
+	require.False(t, AllowedTopic("my/topic"))  // Slash
+	require.False(t, AllowedTopic("my@topic"))  // At sign
+	require.False(t, AllowedTopic("my+topic"))  // Plus
+	require.False(t, AllowedTopic("topic!"))    // Exclamation
+	require.False(t, AllowedTopic("topic#"))    // Hash
+	require.False(t, AllowedTopic("topic$"))    // Dollar
+	require.False(t, AllowedTopic("topic%"))    // Percent
+	require.False(t, AllowedTopic("topic&"))    // Ampersand
+	require.False(t, AllowedTopic("my\\topic")) // Backslash
+
+	// Invalid topics - length
+	require.False(t, AllowedTopic(""))                      // Empty
+	require.False(t, AllowedTopic(strings.Repeat("a", 65))) // Too long
+}
+
+func TestAllowedTopicPattern(t *testing.T) {
+	// Valid patterns - same as AllowedTopic
+	require.True(t, AllowedTopicPattern("test"))
+	require.True(t, AllowedTopicPattern("mytopic"))
+	require.True(t, AllowedTopicPattern("topic123"))
+	require.True(t, AllowedTopicPattern("my-topic"))
+	require.True(t, AllowedTopicPattern("my_topic"))
+	require.True(t, AllowedTopicPattern("a"))
+	require.True(t, AllowedTopicPattern(strings.Repeat("a", 64))) // Max length
+
+	// Valid patterns - with wildcards
+	require.True(t, AllowedTopicPattern("*"))
+	require.True(t, AllowedTopicPattern("topic*"))
+	require.True(t, AllowedTopicPattern("*topic"))
+	require.True(t, AllowedTopicPattern("my*topic"))
+	require.True(t, AllowedTopicPattern("***"))
+	require.True(t, AllowedTopicPattern("test_*"))
+	require.True(t, AllowedTopicPattern("my-*-topic"))
+	require.True(t, AllowedTopicPattern(strings.Repeat("*", 64))) // Max length with wildcards
+
+	// Invalid patterns - special characters (other than wildcard)
+	require.False(t, AllowedTopicPattern("my topic"))  // Space
+	require.False(t, AllowedTopicPattern("my.topic"))  // Dot
+	require.False(t, AllowedTopicPattern("my/topic"))  // Slash
+	require.False(t, AllowedTopicPattern("my@topic"))  // At sign
+	require.False(t, AllowedTopicPattern("my+topic"))  // Plus
+	require.False(t, AllowedTopicPattern("topic!"))    // Exclamation
+	require.False(t, AllowedTopicPattern("topic#"))    // Hash
+	require.False(t, AllowedTopicPattern("topic$"))    // Dollar
+	require.False(t, AllowedTopicPattern("topic%"))    // Percent
+	require.False(t, AllowedTopicPattern("topic&"))    // Ampersand
+	require.False(t, AllowedTopicPattern("my\\topic")) // Backslash
+
+	// Invalid patterns - length
+	require.False(t, AllowedTopicPattern(""))                      // Empty
+	require.False(t, AllowedTopicPattern(strings.Repeat("a", 65))) // Too long
+}
+
+func TestValidPasswordHash(t *testing.T) {
+	// Valid bcrypt hashes with different versions
+	require.Nil(t, ValidPasswordHash("$2a$10$EEp6gBheOsqEFsXlo523E.gBVoeg1ytphXiEvTPlNzkenBlHZBPQy", 10))
+	require.Nil(t, ValidPasswordHash("$2b$10$YLiO8U21sX1uhZamTLJXHuxgVC0Z/GKISibrKCLohPgtG7yIxSk4C", 10))
+	require.Nil(t, ValidPasswordHash("$2y$12$1234567890123456789012u1234567890123456789012345678901", 10))
+
+	// Valid hash with minimum cost
+	require.Nil(t, ValidPasswordHash("$2a$04$1234567890123456789012u1234567890123456789012345678901", 4))
+
+	// Invalid - wrong prefix
+	require.Equal(t, ErrPasswordHashInvalid, ValidPasswordHash("$2c$10$EEp6gBheOsqEFsXlo523E.gBVoeg1ytphXiEvTPlNzkenBlHZBPQy", 10))
+	require.Equal(t, ErrPasswordHashInvalid, ValidPasswordHash("$3a$10$EEp6gBheOsqEFsXlo523E.gBVoeg1ytphXiEvTPlNzkenBlHZBPQy", 10))
+	require.Equal(t, ErrPasswordHashInvalid, ValidPasswordHash("bcrypt$10$hash", 10))
+	require.Equal(t, ErrPasswordHashInvalid, ValidPasswordHash("nothash", 10))
+	require.Equal(t, ErrPasswordHashInvalid, ValidPasswordHash("", 10))
+
+	// Invalid - malformed hash
+	require.NotNil(t, ValidPasswordHash("$2a$10$tooshort", 10))
+	require.NotNil(t, ValidPasswordHash("$2a$10", 10))
+	require.NotNil(t, ValidPasswordHash("$2a$", 10))
+
+	// Invalid - cost too low
+	require.Equal(t, ErrPasswordHashWeak, ValidPasswordHash("$2a$04$1234567890123456789012u1234567890123456789012345678901", 10))
+	require.Equal(t, ErrPasswordHashWeak, ValidPasswordHash("$2a$09$EEp6gBheOsqEFsXlo523E.gBVoeg1ytphXiEvTPlNzkenBlHZBPQy", 10))
+
+	// Edge case - cost exactly at minimum
+	require.Nil(t, ValidPasswordHash("$2a$10$EEp6gBheOsqEFsXlo523E.gBVoeg1ytphXiEvTPlNzkenBlHZBPQy", 10))
+}
+
+func TestValidToken(t *testing.T) {
+	// Valid tokens
+	require.True(t, ValidToken("tk_1234567890123456789012345678x"))
+	require.True(t, ValidToken("tk_abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabc"))
+	require.True(t, ValidToken("tk_ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZABC"))
+	require.True(t, ValidToken("tk_012345678901234567890123456ab"))
+	require.True(t, ValidToken("tk_-----------------------------"))
+	require.True(t, ValidToken("tk______________________________"))
+
+	// Invalid tokens - wrong prefix
+	require.False(t, ValidToken("tx_1234567890123456789012345678x"))
+	require.False(t, ValidToken("tk1234567890123456789012345678xy"))
+	require.False(t, ValidToken("token_1234567890123456789012345"))
+
+	// Invalid tokens - wrong length
+	require.False(t, ValidToken("tk_"))                               // Too short
+	require.False(t, ValidToken("tk_123"))                            // Too short
+	require.False(t, ValidToken("tk_123456789012345678901234567890")) // Too long (30 chars after prefix)
+	require.False(t, ValidToken("tk_123456789012345678901234567"))    // Too short (28 chars)
+
+	// Invalid tokens - invalid characters
+	require.False(t, ValidToken("tk_123456789012345678901234567!@"))
+	require.False(t, ValidToken("tk_12345678901234567890123456 8x"))
+	require.False(t, ValidToken("tk_123456789012345678901234567.x"))
+	require.False(t, ValidToken("tk_123456789012345678901234567*x"))
+
+	// Invalid tokens - no prefix
+	require.False(t, ValidToken("1234567890123456789012345678901x"))
+	require.False(t, ValidToken(""))
+}
+
+func TestGenerateToken(t *testing.T) {
+	// Generate multiple tokens
+	tokens := make(map[string]bool)
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		token := GenerateToken()
+
+		// Check format
+		require.True(t, strings.HasPrefix(token, "tk_"), "Token should start with tk_")
+		require.Equal(t, 32, len(token), "Token should be 32 characters long")
+
+		// Check it's valid
+		require.True(t, ValidToken(token), "Generated token should be valid")
+
+		// Check it's lowercase
+		require.Equal(t, strings.ToLower(token), token, "Token should be lowercase")
+
+		// Check uniqueness
+		require.False(t, tokens[token], "Token should be unique")
+		tokens[token] = true
+	}
+
+	// Verify we got 100 unique tokens
+	require.Equal(t, 100, len(tokens))
+}
+
+func TestHashPassword(t *testing.T) {
+	password := "test-password-123"
+
+	// Hash the password
+	hash, err := HashPassword(password)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.NotEmpty(t, hash)
+
+	// Check it's a valid bcrypt hash
+	require.Nil(t, ValidPasswordHash(hash, DefaultUserPasswordBcryptCost))
+
+	// Check it starts with correct prefix
+	require.True(t, strings.HasPrefix(hash, "$2a$"))
+
+	// Hash the same password again - should produce different hash
+	hash2, err := HashPassword(password)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.NotEqual(t, hash, hash2, "Same password should produce different hashes (salt)")
+
+	// Empty password should still work
+	emptyHash, err := HashPassword("")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.NotEmpty(t, emptyHash)
+	require.Nil(t, ValidPasswordHash(emptyHash, DefaultUserPasswordBcryptCost))
+}
+
+func TestHashPassword_WithCost(t *testing.T) {
+	password := "test-password"
+
+	// Test with different costs
+	hash4, err := hashPassword(password, 4)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.True(t, strings.HasPrefix(hash4, "$2a$04$"))
+
+	hash10, err := hashPassword(password, 10)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.True(t, strings.HasPrefix(hash10, "$2a$10$"))
+
+	hash12, err := hashPassword(password, 12)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.True(t, strings.HasPrefix(hash12, "$2a$12$"))
+
+	// All should be valid
+	require.Nil(t, ValidPasswordHash(hash4, 4))
+	require.Nil(t, ValidPasswordHash(hash10, 10))
+	require.Nil(t, ValidPasswordHash(hash12, 12))
+}
+
+func TestUser_TierID(t *testing.T) {
+	// User with tier
+	u := &User{
+		Tier: &Tier{
+			ID:   "ti_123",
+			Code: "pro",
+		},
+	}
+	require.Equal(t, "ti_123", u.TierID())
+
+	// User without tier
+	u2 := &User{
+		Tier: nil,
+	}
+	require.Equal(t, "", u2.TierID())
+
+	// Nil user
+	var u3 *User
+	require.Equal(t, "", u3.TierID())
+}
+
+func TestUser_IsAdmin(t *testing.T) {
+	admin := &User{Role: RoleAdmin}
+	require.True(t, admin.IsAdmin())
+	require.False(t, admin.IsUser())
+
+	user := &User{Role: RoleUser}
+	require.False(t, user.IsAdmin())
+
+	anonymous := &User{Role: RoleAnonymous}
+	require.False(t, anonymous.IsAdmin())
+
+	// Nil user
+	var nilUser *User
+	require.False(t, nilUser.IsAdmin())
+}
+
+func TestUser_IsUser(t *testing.T) {
+	user := &User{Role: RoleUser}
+	require.True(t, user.IsUser())
+	require.False(t, user.IsAdmin())
+
+	admin := &User{Role: RoleAdmin}
+	require.False(t, admin.IsUser())
+
+	anonymous := &User{Role: RoleAnonymous}
+	require.False(t, anonymous.IsUser())
+
+	// Nil user
+	var nilUser *User
+	require.False(t, nilUser.IsUser())
+}
+
+func TestPermission_String(t *testing.T) {
+	require.Equal(t, "read-write", PermissionReadWrite.String())
+	require.Equal(t, "read-only", PermissionRead.String())
+	require.Equal(t, "write-only", PermissionWrite.String())
+	require.Equal(t, "deny-all", PermissionDenyAll.String())
+}
--- a/web/public/static/langs/sk.json
+++ b/web/public/static/langs/sk.json
@@ -406,5 +406,7 @@
    "web_push_unknown_notification_title": "Neznáme oznámenie prijaté zo servera",
    "web_push_unknown_notification_body": "Možno budete musieť aktualizovať ntfy otvorením webovej aplikácie",
    "alert_notification_permission_required_title": "Oznámenia sú vypnuté",
-    "alert_notification_ios_install_required_description": "Kliknutím na Zdieľať a Pridať na domovskú obrazovku povolíte oznámenia v systéme iOS"
+    "alert_notification_ios_install_required_description": "Kliknutím na Zdieľať a Pridať na domovskú obrazovku povolíte oznámenia v systéme iOS",
+    "account_basics_cannot_edit_or_delete_provisioned_user": "Prideleného používateľa nemožno upraviť ani odstrániť",
+    "account_tokens_table_cannot_delete_or_edit_provisioned_token": "Pridelený token nemožno upraviť ani odstrániť"
 }
--- a/webpush/store.go
+++ b/webpush/store.go
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+package webpush
+
+import (
+	"database/sql"
+	"errors"
+	"net/netip"
+	"time"
+
+	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/util"
+)
+
+const (
+	subscriptionIDPrefix                     = "wps_"
+	subscriptionIDLength                     = 10
+	subscriptionEndpointLimitPerSubscriberIP = 10
+)
+
+// Errors returned by the store
+var (
+	ErrWebPushTooManySubscriptions = errors.New("too many subscriptions")
+	ErrWebPushUserIDCannotBeEmpty  = errors.New("user ID cannot be empty")
+)
+
+// Store is the interface for a web push subscription store.
+type Store interface {
+	UpsertSubscription(endpoint, auth, p256dh, userID string, subscriberIP netip.Addr, topics []string) error
+	SubscriptionsForTopic(topic string) ([]*Subscription, error)
+	SubscriptionsExpiring(warnAfter time.Duration) ([]*Subscription, error)
+	MarkExpiryWarningSent(subscriptions []*Subscription) error
+	RemoveSubscriptionsByEndpoint(endpoint string) error
+	RemoveSubscriptionsByUserID(userID string) error
+	RemoveExpiredSubscriptions(expireAfter time.Duration) error
+	SetSubscriptionUpdatedAt(endpoint string, updatedAt int64) error
+	Close() error
+}
+
+// storeQueries holds the database-specific SQL queries.
+type storeQueries struct {
+	selectSubscriptionIDByEndpoint             string
+	selectSubscriptionCountBySubscriberIP      string
+	selectSubscriptionsForTopic                string
+	selectSubscriptionsExpiringSoon            string
+	insertSubscription                         string
+	updateSubscriptionWarningSent              string
+	updateSubscriptionUpdatedAt                string
+	deleteSubscriptionByEndpoint               string
+	deleteSubscriptionByUserID                 string
+	deleteSubscriptionByAge                    string
+	insertSubscriptionTopic                    string
+	deleteSubscriptionTopicAll                 string
+	deleteSubscriptionTopicWithoutSubscription string
+}
+
+// commonStore implements store operations that are identical across database backends.
+type commonStore struct {
+	db      *sql.DB
+	queries storeQueries
+}
+
+// UpsertSubscription adds or updates Web Push subscriptions for the given topics and user ID.
+func (s *commonStore) UpsertSubscription(endpoint string, auth, p256dh, userID string, subscriberIP netip.Addr, topics []string) error {
+	tx, err := s.db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+	// Read number of subscriptions for subscriber IP address
+	var subscriptionCount int
+	if err := tx.QueryRow(s.queries.selectSubscriptionCountBySubscriberIP, subscriberIP.String()).Scan(&subscriptionCount); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// Read existing subscription ID for endpoint (or create new ID)
+	var subscriptionID string
+	err = tx.QueryRow(s.queries.selectSubscriptionIDByEndpoint, endpoint).Scan(&subscriptionID)
+	if errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows) {
+		if subscriptionCount >= subscriptionEndpointLimitPerSubscriberIP {
+			return ErrWebPushTooManySubscriptions
+		}
+		subscriptionID = util.RandomStringPrefix(subscriptionIDPrefix, subscriptionIDLength)
+	} else if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// Insert or update subscription
+	updatedAt, warnedAt := time.Now().Unix(), 0
+	if _, err = tx.Exec(s.queries.insertSubscription, subscriptionID, endpoint, auth, p256dh, userID, subscriberIP.String(), updatedAt, warnedAt); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// Replace all subscription topics
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(s.queries.deleteSubscriptionTopicAll, subscriptionID); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	for _, topic := range topics {
+		if _, err = tx.Exec(s.queries.insertSubscriptionTopic, subscriptionID, topic); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return tx.Commit()
+}
+
+// SubscriptionsForTopic returns all subscriptions for the given topic.
+func (s *commonStore) SubscriptionsForTopic(topic string) ([]*Subscription, error) {
+	rows, err := s.db.Query(s.queries.selectSubscriptionsForTopic, topic)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	return subscriptionsFromRows(rows)
+}
+
+// SubscriptionsExpiring returns all subscriptions that have not been updated for a given time period.
+func (s *commonStore) SubscriptionsExpiring(warnAfter time.Duration) ([]*Subscription, error) {
+	rows, err := s.db.Query(s.queries.selectSubscriptionsExpiringSoon, time.Now().Add(-warnAfter).Unix())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	return subscriptionsFromRows(rows)
+}
+
+// MarkExpiryWarningSent marks the given subscriptions as having received a warning about expiring soon.
+func (s *commonStore) MarkExpiryWarningSent(subscriptions []*Subscription) error {
+	tx, err := s.db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+	for _, subscription := range subscriptions {
+		if _, err := tx.Exec(s.queries.updateSubscriptionWarningSent, time.Now().Unix(), subscription.ID); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return tx.Commit()
+}
+
+// RemoveSubscriptionsByEndpoint removes the subscription for the given endpoint.
+func (s *commonStore) RemoveSubscriptionsByEndpoint(endpoint string) error {
+	_, err := s.db.Exec(s.queries.deleteSubscriptionByEndpoint, endpoint)
+	return err
+}
+
+// RemoveSubscriptionsByUserID removes all subscriptions for the given user ID.
+func (s *commonStore) RemoveSubscriptionsByUserID(userID string) error {
+	if userID == "" {
+		return ErrWebPushUserIDCannotBeEmpty
+	}
+	_, err := s.db.Exec(s.queries.deleteSubscriptionByUserID, userID)
+	return err
+}
+
+// RemoveExpiredSubscriptions removes all subscriptions that have not been updated for a given time period.
+func (s *commonStore) RemoveExpiredSubscriptions(expireAfter time.Duration) error {
+	_, err := s.db.Exec(s.queries.deleteSubscriptionByAge, time.Now().Add(-expireAfter).Unix())
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	_, err = s.db.Exec(s.queries.deleteSubscriptionTopicWithoutSubscription)
+	return err
+}
+
+// SetSubscriptionUpdatedAt updates the updated_at timestamp for a subscription by endpoint. This is
+// exported for testing purposes and is not part of the Store interface.
+func (s *commonStore) SetSubscriptionUpdatedAt(endpoint string, updatedAt int64) error {
+	_, err := s.db.Exec(s.queries.updateSubscriptionUpdatedAt, updatedAt, endpoint)
+	return err
+}
+
+// Close closes the underlying database connection.
+func (s *commonStore) Close() error {
+	return s.db.Close()
+}
+
+func subscriptionsFromRows(rows *sql.Rows) ([]*Subscription, error) {
+	subscriptions := make([]*Subscription, 0)
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var id, endpoint, auth, p256dh, userID string
+		if err := rows.Scan(&id, &endpoint, &auth, &p256dh, &userID); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		subscriptions = append(subscriptions, &Subscription{
+			ID:       id,
+			Endpoint: endpoint,
+			Auth:     auth,
+			P256dh:   p256dh,
+			UserID:   userID,
+		})
+	}
+	return subscriptions, nil
+}
--- a/webpush/store_postgres.go
+++ b/webpush/store_postgres.go
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+package webpush
+
+import (
+	"database/sql"
+	"fmt"
+
+	_ "github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/stdlib" // PostgreSQL driver
+)
+
+const (
+	pgCreateTablesQuery = `
+		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS webpush_subscription (
+			id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+			endpoint TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE,
+			key_auth TEXT NOT NULL,
+			key_p256dh TEXT NOT NULL,
+			user_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+			subscriber_ip TEXT NOT NULL,
+			updated_at BIGINT NOT NULL,
+			warned_at BIGINT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0
+		);
+		CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_webpush_subscriber_ip ON webpush_subscription (subscriber_ip);
+		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS webpush_subscription_topic (
+			subscription_id TEXT NOT NULL REFERENCES webpush_subscription (id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+			topic TEXT NOT NULL,
+			PRIMARY KEY (subscription_id, topic)
+		);
+		CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_webpush_topic ON webpush_subscription_topic (topic);
+		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS schema_version (
+			store TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+			version INT NOT NULL
+		);
+	`
+
+	pgSelectSubscriptionIDByEndpoint        = `SELECT id FROM webpush_subscription WHERE endpoint = $1`
+	pgSelectSubscriptionCountBySubscriberIP = `SELECT COUNT(*) FROM webpush_subscription WHERE subscriber_ip = $1`
+	pgSelectSubscriptionsForTopicQuery      = `
+		SELECT s.id, s.endpoint, s.key_auth, s.key_p256dh, s.user_id
+		FROM webpush_subscription_topic st
+		JOIN webpush_subscription s ON s.id = st.subscription_id
+		WHERE st.topic = $1
+		ORDER BY s.endpoint
+	`
+	pgSelectSubscriptionsExpiringSoonQuery = `
+		SELECT id, endpoint, key_auth, key_p256dh, user_id
+		FROM webpush_subscription
+		WHERE warned_at = 0 AND updated_at <= $1
+	`
+	pgInsertSubscriptionQuery = `
+		INSERT INTO webpush_subscription (id, endpoint, key_auth, key_p256dh, user_id, subscriber_ip, updated_at, warned_at)
+		VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8)
+		ON CONFLICT (endpoint)
+		DO UPDATE SET key_auth = excluded.key_auth, key_p256dh = excluded.key_p256dh, user_id = excluded.user_id, subscriber_ip = excluded.subscriber_ip, updated_at = excluded.updated_at, warned_at = excluded.warned_at
+	`
+	pgUpdateSubscriptionWarningSentQuery = `UPDATE webpush_subscription SET warned_at = $1 WHERE id = $2`
+	pgUpdateSubscriptionUpdatedAtQuery   = `UPDATE webpush_subscription SET updated_at = $1 WHERE endpoint = $2`
+	pgDeleteSubscriptionByEndpointQuery  = `DELETE FROM webpush_subscription WHERE endpoint = $1`
+	pgDeleteSubscriptionByUserIDQuery    = `DELETE FROM webpush_subscription WHERE user_id = $1`
+	pgDeleteSubscriptionByAgeQuery       = `DELETE FROM webpush_subscription WHERE updated_at <= $1`
+
+	pgInsertSubscriptionTopicQuery               = `INSERT INTO webpush_subscription_topic (subscription_id, topic) VALUES ($1, $2)`
+	pgDeleteSubscriptionTopicAllQuery            = `DELETE FROM webpush_subscription_topic WHERE subscription_id = $1`
+	pgDeleteSubscriptionTopicWithoutSubscription = `DELETE FROM webpush_subscription_topic WHERE subscription_id NOT IN (SELECT id FROM webpush_subscription)`
+)
+
+// PostgreSQL schema management queries
+const (
+	pgCurrentSchemaVersion     = 1
+	pgInsertSchemaVersion      = `INSERT INTO schema_version (store, version) VALUES ('webpush', $1)`
+	pgSelectSchemaVersionQuery = `SELECT version FROM schema_version WHERE store = 'webpush'`
+)
+
+// NewPostgresStore creates a new PostgreSQL-backed web push store.
+func NewPostgresStore(dsn string) (Store, error) {
+	db, err := sql.Open("pgx", dsn)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err := db.Ping(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err := setupPostgresDB(db); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &commonStore{
+		db: db,
+		queries: storeQueries{
+			selectSubscriptionIDByEndpoint:             pgSelectSubscriptionIDByEndpoint,
+			selectSubscriptionCountBySubscriberIP:      pgSelectSubscriptionCountBySubscriberIP,
+			selectSubscriptionsForTopic:                pgSelectSubscriptionsForTopicQuery,
+			selectSubscriptionsExpiringSoon:            pgSelectSubscriptionsExpiringSoonQuery,
+			insertSubscription:                         pgInsertSubscriptionQuery,
+			updateSubscriptionWarningSent:              pgUpdateSubscriptionWarningSentQuery,
+			updateSubscriptionUpdatedAt:                pgUpdateSubscriptionUpdatedAtQuery,
+			deleteSubscriptionByEndpoint:               pgDeleteSubscriptionByEndpointQuery,
+			deleteSubscriptionByUserID:                 pgDeleteSubscriptionByUserIDQuery,
+			deleteSubscriptionByAge:                    pgDeleteSubscriptionByAgeQuery,
+			insertSubscriptionTopic:                    pgInsertSubscriptionTopicQuery,
+			deleteSubscriptionTopicAll:                 pgDeleteSubscriptionTopicAllQuery,
+			deleteSubscriptionTopicWithoutSubscription: pgDeleteSubscriptionTopicWithoutSubscription,
+		},
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func setupPostgresDB(db *sql.DB) error {
+	var schemaVersion int
+	err := db.QueryRow(pgSelectSchemaVersionQuery).Scan(&schemaVersion)
+	if err != nil {
+		return setupNewPostgresDB(db)
+	}
+	if schemaVersion > pgCurrentSchemaVersion {
+		return fmt.Errorf("unexpected schema version: version %d is higher than current version %d", schemaVersion, pgCurrentSchemaVersion)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func setupNewPostgresDB(db *sql.DB) error {
+	tx, err := db.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(pgCreateTablesQuery); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(pgInsertSchemaVersion, pgCurrentSchemaVersion); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return tx.Commit()
+}
--- a/webpush/store_postgres_test.go
+++ b/webpush/store_postgres_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+package webpush_test
+
+import (
+	"database/sql"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/url"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/util"
+	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/webpush"
+)
+
+func newTestPostgresStore(t *testing.T) webpush.Store {
+	dsn := os.Getenv("NTFY_TEST_DATABASE_URL")
+	if dsn == "" {
+		t.Skip("NTFY_TEST_DATABASE_URL not set, skipping PostgreSQL tests")
+	}
+	// Create a unique schema for this test
+	schema := fmt.Sprintf("test_%s", util.RandomString(10))
+	setupDB, err := sql.Open("pgx", dsn)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	_, err = setupDB.Exec(fmt.Sprintf("CREATE SCHEMA %s", schema))
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Nil(t, setupDB.Close())
+	// Open store with search_path set to the new schema
+	u, err := url.Parse(dsn)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	q := u.Query()
+	q.Set("search_path", schema)
+	u.RawQuery = q.Encode()
+	store, err := webpush.NewPostgresStore(u.String())
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		store.Close()
+		cleanDB, err := sql.Open("pgx", dsn)
+		if err == nil {
+			cleanDB.Exec(fmt.Sprintf("DROP SCHEMA %s CASCADE", schema))
+			cleanDB.Close()
+		}
+	})
+	return store
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreUpsertSubscriptionSubscriptionsForTopic(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreUpsertSubscriptionSubscriptionsForTopic(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreUpsertSubscriptionSubscriberIPLimitReached(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreUpsertSubscriptionSubscriberIPLimitReached(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreUpsertSubscriptionUpdateTopics(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreUpsertSubscriptionUpdateTopics(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreUpsertSubscriptionUpdateFields(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreUpsertSubscriptionUpdateFields(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreRemoveByUserIDMultiple(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreRemoveByUserIDMultiple(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreRemoveByEndpoint(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreRemoveByEndpoint(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreRemoveByUserID(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreRemoveByUserID(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreRemoveByUserIDEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreRemoveByUserIDEmpty(t, newTestPostgresStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreExpiryWarningSent(t *testing.T) {
+	store := newTestPostgresStore(t)
+	testStoreExpiryWarningSent(t, store, store.SetSubscriptionUpdatedAt)
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreExpiring(t *testing.T) {
+	store := newTestPostgresStore(t)
+	testStoreExpiring(t, store, store.SetSubscriptionUpdatedAt)
+}
+
+func TestPostgresStoreRemoveExpired(t *testing.T) {
+	store := newTestPostgresStore(t)
+	testStoreRemoveExpired(t, store, store.SetSubscriptionUpdatedAt)
+}
--- a/webpush/store_sqlite.go
+++ b/webpush/store_sqlite.go
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+package webpush
+
+import (
+	"database/sql"
+	"fmt"
+
+	_ "github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3" // SQLite driver
+)
+
+const (
+	sqliteCreateWebPushSubscriptionsTableQuery = `
+		BEGIN;
+		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS subscription (
+			id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+			endpoint TEXT NOT NULL,
+			key_auth TEXT NOT NULL,
+			key_p256dh TEXT NOT NULL,
+			user_id TEXT NOT NULL,		
+			subscriber_ip TEXT NOT NULL,
+			updated_at INT NOT NULL,
+			warned_at INT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0
+		);
+		CREATE UNIQUE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_endpoint ON subscription (endpoint);
+		CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_subscriber_ip ON subscription (subscriber_ip);
+		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS subscription_topic (
+			subscription_id TEXT NOT NULL,
+			topic TEXT NOT NULL,
+			PRIMARY KEY (subscription_id, topic),
+			FOREIGN KEY (subscription_id) REFERENCES subscription (id) ON DELETE CASCADE
+		);
+		CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_topic ON subscription_topic (topic);
+		CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS schemaVersion (
+			id INT PRIMARY KEY,
+			version INT NOT NULL
+		);			
+		COMMIT;
+	`
+	sqliteBuiltinStartupQueries = `
+		PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON;
+	`
+
+	sqliteSelectWebPushSubscriptionIDByEndpoint        = `SELECT id FROM subscription WHERE endpoint = ?`
+	sqliteSelectWebPushSubscriptionCountBySubscriberIP = `SELECT COUNT(*) FROM subscription WHERE subscriber_ip = ?`
+	sqliteSelectWebPushSubscriptionsForTopicQuery      = `
+		SELECT id, endpoint, key_auth, key_p256dh, user_id
+		FROM subscription_topic st
+		JOIN subscription s ON s.id = st.subscription_id
+		WHERE st.topic = ?
+		ORDER BY endpoint
+	`
+	sqliteSelectWebPushSubscriptionsExpiringSoonQuery = `
+		SELECT id, endpoint, key_auth, key_p256dh, user_id 
+		FROM subscription 
+		WHERE warned_at = 0 AND updated_at <= ?
+	`
+	sqliteInsertWebPushSubscriptionQuery = `
+		INSERT INTO subscription (id, endpoint, key_auth, key_p256dh, user_id, subscriber_ip, updated_at, warned_at)
+		VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
+		ON CONFLICT (endpoint) 
+		DO UPDATE SET key_auth = excluded.key_auth, key_p256dh = excluded.key_p256dh, user_id = excluded.user_id, subscriber_ip = excluded.subscriber_ip, updated_at = excluded.updated_at, warned_at = excluded.warned_at
+	`
+	sqliteUpdateWebPushSubscriptionWarningSentQuery = `UPDATE subscription SET warned_at = ? WHERE id = ?`
+	sqliteUpdateWebPushSubscriptionUpdatedAtQuery   = `UPDATE subscription SET updated_at = ? WHERE endpoint = ?`
+	sqliteDeleteWebPushSubscriptionByEndpointQuery  = `DELETE FROM subscription WHERE endpoint = ?`
+	sqliteDeleteWebPushSubscriptionByUserIDQuery    = `DELETE FROM subscription WHERE user_id = ?`
+	sqliteDeleteWebPushSubscriptionByAgeQuery       = `DELETE FROM subscription WHERE updated_at <= ?` // Full table scan!
+
+	sqliteInsertWebPushSubscriptionTopicQuery               = `INSERT INTO subscription_topic (subscription_id, topic) VALUES (?, ?)`
+	sqliteDeleteWebPushSubscriptionTopicAllQuery            = `DELETE FROM subscription_topic WHERE subscription_id = ?`
+	sqliteDeleteWebPushSubscriptionTopicWithoutSubscription = `DELETE FROM subscription_topic WHERE subscription_id NOT IN (SELECT id FROM subscription)`
+)
+
+// SQLite schema management queries
+const (
+	sqliteCurrentWebPushSchemaVersion     = 1
+	sqliteInsertWebPushSchemaVersion      = `INSERT INTO schemaVersion VALUES (1, ?)`
+	sqliteSelectWebPushSchemaVersionQuery = `SELECT version FROM schemaVersion WHERE id = 1`
+)
+
+// NewSQLiteStore creates a new SQLite-backed web push store.
+func NewSQLiteStore(filename, startupQueries string) (Store, error) {
+	db, err := sql.Open("sqlite3", filename)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err := setupSQLite(db); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err := runSQLiteStartupQueries(db, startupQueries); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &commonStore{
+		db: db,
+		queries: storeQueries{
+			selectSubscriptionIDByEndpoint:             sqliteSelectWebPushSubscriptionIDByEndpoint,
+			selectSubscriptionCountBySubscriberIP:      sqliteSelectWebPushSubscriptionCountBySubscriberIP,
+			selectSubscriptionsForTopic:                sqliteSelectWebPushSubscriptionsForTopicQuery,
+			selectSubscriptionsExpiringSoon:            sqliteSelectWebPushSubscriptionsExpiringSoonQuery,
+			insertSubscription:                         sqliteInsertWebPushSubscriptionQuery,
+			updateSubscriptionWarningSent:              sqliteUpdateWebPushSubscriptionWarningSentQuery,
+			updateSubscriptionUpdatedAt:                sqliteUpdateWebPushSubscriptionUpdatedAtQuery,
+			deleteSubscriptionByEndpoint:               sqliteDeleteWebPushSubscriptionByEndpointQuery,
+			deleteSubscriptionByUserID:                 sqliteDeleteWebPushSubscriptionByUserIDQuery,
+			deleteSubscriptionByAge:                    sqliteDeleteWebPushSubscriptionByAgeQuery,
+			insertSubscriptionTopic:                    sqliteInsertWebPushSubscriptionTopicQuery,
+			deleteSubscriptionTopicAll:                 sqliteDeleteWebPushSubscriptionTopicAllQuery,
+			deleteSubscriptionTopicWithoutSubscription: sqliteDeleteWebPushSubscriptionTopicWithoutSubscription,
+		},
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func setupSQLite(db *sql.DB) error {
+	var schemaVersion int
+	err := db.QueryRow(sqliteSelectWebPushSchemaVersionQuery).Scan(&schemaVersion)
+	if err != nil {
+		return setupNewSQLite(db)
+	}
+	if schemaVersion > sqliteCurrentWebPushSchemaVersion {
+		return fmt.Errorf("unexpected schema version: version %d is higher than current version %d", schemaVersion, sqliteCurrentWebPushSchemaVersion)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func setupNewSQLite(db *sql.DB) error {
+	if _, err := db.Exec(sqliteCreateWebPushSubscriptionsTableQuery); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if _, err := db.Exec(sqliteInsertWebPushSchemaVersion, sqliteCurrentWebPushSchemaVersion); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func runSQLiteStartupQueries(db *sql.DB, startupQueries string) error {
+	if _, err := db.Exec(startupQueries); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if _, err := db.Exec(sqliteBuiltinStartupQueries); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
--- a/webpush/store_sqlite_test.go
+++ b/webpush/store_sqlite_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+package webpush_test
+
+import (
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/webpush"
+)
+
+func newTestSQLiteStore(t *testing.T) webpush.Store {
+	store, err := webpush.NewSQLiteStore(filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "webpush.db"), "")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	t.Cleanup(func() { store.Close() })
+	return store
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreUpsertSubscriptionSubscriptionsForTopic(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreUpsertSubscriptionSubscriptionsForTopic(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreUpsertSubscriptionSubscriberIPLimitReached(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreUpsertSubscriptionSubscriberIPLimitReached(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreUpsertSubscriptionUpdateTopics(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreUpsertSubscriptionUpdateTopics(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreUpsertSubscriptionUpdateFields(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreUpsertSubscriptionUpdateFields(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreRemoveByUserIDMultiple(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreRemoveByUserIDMultiple(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreRemoveByEndpoint(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreRemoveByEndpoint(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreRemoveByUserID(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreRemoveByUserID(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreRemoveByUserIDEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	testStoreRemoveByUserIDEmpty(t, newTestSQLiteStore(t))
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreExpiryWarningSent(t *testing.T) {
+	store := newTestSQLiteStore(t)
+	testStoreExpiryWarningSent(t, store, store.SetSubscriptionUpdatedAt)
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreExpiring(t *testing.T) {
+	store := newTestSQLiteStore(t)
+	testStoreExpiring(t, store, store.SetSubscriptionUpdatedAt)
+}
+
+func TestSQLiteStoreRemoveExpired(t *testing.T) {
+	store := newTestSQLiteStore(t)
+	testStoreRemoveExpired(t, store, store.SetSubscriptionUpdatedAt)
+}
--- a/webpush/store_test.go
+++ b/webpush/store_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+package webpush_test
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net/netip"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"heckel.io/ntfy/v2/webpush"
+)
+
+const testWebPushEndpoint = "https://updates.push.services.mozilla.com/wpush/v1/AAABBCCCDDEEEFFF"
+
+func testStoreUpsertSubscriptionSubscriptionsForTopic(t *testing.T, store webpush.Store) {
+	require.Nil(t, store.UpsertSubscription(testWebPushEndpoint, "auth-key", "p256dh-key", "u_1234", netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), []string{"test-topic", "mytopic"}))
+
+	subs, err := store.SubscriptionsForTopic("test-topic")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, subs, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, subs[0].Endpoint, testWebPushEndpoint)
+	require.Equal(t, subs[0].P256dh, "p256dh-key")
+	require.Equal(t, subs[0].Auth, "auth-key")
+	require.Equal(t, subs[0].UserID, "u_1234")
+
+	subs2, err := store.SubscriptionsForTopic("mytopic")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, subs2, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, subs[0].Endpoint, subs2[0].Endpoint)
+}
+
+func testStoreUpsertSubscriptionSubscriberIPLimitReached(t *testing.T, store webpush.Store) {
+	// Insert 10 subscriptions with the same IP address
+	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		endpoint := fmt.Sprintf(testWebPushEndpoint+"%d", i)
+		require.Nil(t, store.UpsertSubscription(endpoint, "auth-key", "p256dh-key", "u_1234", netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), []string{"test-topic", "mytopic"}))
+	}
+
+	// Another one for the same endpoint should be fine
+	require.Nil(t, store.UpsertSubscription(testWebPushEndpoint+"0", "auth-key", "p256dh-key", "u_1234", netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), []string{"test-topic", "mytopic"}))
+
+	// But with a different endpoint it should fail
+	require.Equal(t, webpush.ErrWebPushTooManySubscriptions, store.UpsertSubscription(testWebPushEndpoint+"11", "auth-key", "p256dh-key", "u_1234", netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), []string{"test-topic", "mytopic"}))
+
+	// But with a different IP address it should be fine again
+	require.Nil(t, store.UpsertSubscription(testWebPushEndpoint+"99", "auth-key", "p256dh-key", "u_1234", netip.MustParseAddr("9.9.9.9"), []string{"test-topic", "mytopic"}))
+}
+
+func testStoreUpsertSubscriptionUpdateTopics(t *testing.T, store webpush.Store) {
+	// Insert subscription with two topics, and another with one topic
+	require.Nil(t, store.UpsertSubscription(testWebPushEndpoint+"0", "auth-key", "p256dh-key", "u_1234", netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), []string{"topic1", "topic2"}))
+	require.Nil(t, store.UpsertSubscription(testWebPushEndpoint+"1", "auth-key", "p256dh-key", "", netip.MustParseAddr("9.9.9.9"), []string{"topic1"}))
+
+	subs, err := store.SubscriptionsForTopic("topic1")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, subs, 2)
+	require.Equal(t, testWebPushEndpoint+"0", subs[0].Endpoint)
+	require.Equal(t, testWebPushEndpoint+"1", subs[1].Endpoint)
+
+	subs, err = store.SubscriptionsForTopic("topic2")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, subs, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, testWebPushEndpoint+"0", subs[0].Endpoint)
+
+	// Update the first subscription to have only one topic
+	require.Nil(t, store.UpsertSubscription(testWebPushEndpoint+"0", "auth-key", "p256dh-key", "u_1234", netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), []string{"topic1"}))
+
+	subs, err = store.SubscriptionsForTopic("topic1")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, subs, 2)
+	require.Equal(t, testWebPushEndpoint+"0", subs[0].Endpoint)
+
+	subs, err = store.SubscriptionsForTopic("topic2")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, subs, 0)
+}
+
+func testStoreUpsertSubscriptionUpdateFields(t *testing.T, store webpush.Store) {
+	// Insert a subscription
+	require.Nil(t, store.UpsertSubscription(testWebPushEndpoint, "auth-key", "p256dh-key", "u_1234", netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), []string{"topic1"}))
+
+	subs, err := store.SubscriptionsForTopic("topic1")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, subs, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, "auth-key", subs[0].Auth)
+	require.Equal(t, "p256dh-key", subs[0].P256dh)
+	require.Equal(t, "u_1234", subs[0].UserID)
+
+	// Re-upsert the same endpoint with different auth, p256dh, and userID
+	require.Nil(t, store.UpsertSubscription(testWebPushEndpoint, "new-auth", "new-p256dh", "u_5678", netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), []string{"topic1"}))
+
+	subs, err = store.SubscriptionsForTopic("topic1")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, subs, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, testWebPushEndpoint, subs[0].Endpoint)
+	require.Equal(t, "new-auth", subs[0].Auth)
+	require.Equal(t, "new-p256dh", subs[0].P256dh)
+	require.Equal(t, "u_5678", subs[0].UserID)
+}
+
+func testStoreRemoveByUserIDMultiple(t *testing.T, store webpush.Store) {
+	// Insert two subscriptions for u_1234 and one for u_5678
+	require.Nil(t, store.UpsertSubscription(testWebPushEndpoint+"0", "auth-key", "p256dh-key", "u_1234", netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), []string{"topic1"}))
+	require.Nil(t, store.UpsertSubscription(testWebPushEndpoint+"1", "auth-key", "p256dh-key", "u_1234", netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), []string{"topic1"}))
+	require.Nil(t, store.UpsertSubscription(testWebPushEndpoint+"2", "auth-key", "p256dh-key", "u_5678", netip.MustParseAddr("9.9.9.9"), []string{"topic1"}))
+
+	subs, err := store.SubscriptionsForTopic("topic1")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, subs, 3)
+
+	// Remove all subscriptions for u_1234
+	require.Nil(t, store.RemoveSubscriptionsByUserID("u_1234"))
+
+	// Only u_5678's subscription should remain
+	subs, err = store.SubscriptionsForTopic("topic1")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, subs, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, testWebPushEndpoint+"2", subs[0].Endpoint)
+	require.Equal(t, "u_5678", subs[0].UserID)
+}
+
+func testStoreRemoveByEndpoint(t *testing.T, store webpush.Store) {
+	// Insert subscription with two topics
+	require.Nil(t, store.UpsertSubscription(testWebPushEndpoint, "auth-key", "p256dh-key", "u_1234", netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), []string{"topic1", "topic2"}))
+	subs, err := store.SubscriptionsForTopic("topic1")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, subs, 1)
+
+	// And remove it again
+	require.Nil(t, store.RemoveSubscriptionsByEndpoint(testWebPushEndpoint))
+	subs, err = store.SubscriptionsForTopic("topic1")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, subs, 0)
+}
+
+func testStoreRemoveByUserID(t *testing.T, store webpush.Store) {
+	// Insert subscription with two topics
+	require.Nil(t, store.UpsertSubscription(testWebPushEndpoint, "auth-key", "p256dh-key", "u_1234", netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), []string{"topic1", "topic2"}))
+	subs, err := store.SubscriptionsForTopic("topic1")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, subs, 1)
+
+	// And remove it again
+	require.Nil(t, store.RemoveSubscriptionsByUserID("u_1234"))
+	subs, err = store.SubscriptionsForTopic("topic1")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, subs, 0)
+}
+
+func testStoreRemoveByUserIDEmpty(t *testing.T, store webpush.Store) {
+	require.Equal(t, webpush.ErrWebPushUserIDCannotBeEmpty, store.RemoveSubscriptionsByUserID(""))
+}
+
+func testStoreExpiryWarningSent(t *testing.T, store webpush.Store, setUpdatedAt func(endpoint string, updatedAt int64) error) {
+	// Insert subscription with two topics
+	require.Nil(t, store.UpsertSubscription(testWebPushEndpoint, "auth-key", "p256dh-key", "u_1234", netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), []string{"topic1", "topic2"}))
+
+	// Set updated_at to the past so it shows up as expiring
+	require.Nil(t, setUpdatedAt(testWebPushEndpoint, time.Now().Add(-8*24*time.Hour).Unix()))
+
+	// Verify subscription appears in expiring list (warned_at == 0)
+	subs, err := store.SubscriptionsExpiring(7 * 24 * time.Hour)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, subs, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, testWebPushEndpoint, subs[0].Endpoint)
+
+	// Mark them as warning sent
+	require.Nil(t, store.MarkExpiryWarningSent(subs))
+
+	// Verify subscription no longer appears in expiring list (warned_at > 0)
+	subs, err = store.SubscriptionsExpiring(7 * 24 * time.Hour)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, subs, 0)
+}
+
+func testStoreExpiring(t *testing.T, store webpush.Store, setUpdatedAt func(endpoint string, updatedAt int64) error) {
+	// Insert subscription with two topics
+	require.Nil(t, store.UpsertSubscription(testWebPushEndpoint, "auth-key", "p256dh-key", "u_1234", netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), []string{"topic1", "topic2"}))
+	subs, err := store.SubscriptionsForTopic("topic1")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, subs, 1)
+
+	// Fake-mark them as soon-to-expire
+	require.Nil(t, setUpdatedAt(testWebPushEndpoint, time.Now().Add(-8*24*time.Hour).Unix()))
+
+	// Should not be cleaned up yet
+	require.Nil(t, store.RemoveExpiredSubscriptions(9*24*time.Hour))
+
+	// Run expiration
+	subs, err = store.SubscriptionsExpiring(7 * 24 * time.Hour)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, subs, 1)
+	require.Equal(t, testWebPushEndpoint, subs[0].Endpoint)
+}
+
+func testStoreRemoveExpired(t *testing.T, store webpush.Store, setUpdatedAt func(endpoint string, updatedAt int64) error) {
+	// Insert subscription with two topics
+	require.Nil(t, store.UpsertSubscription(testWebPushEndpoint, "auth-key", "p256dh-key", "u_1234", netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"), []string{"topic1", "topic2"}))
+	subs, err := store.SubscriptionsForTopic("topic1")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, subs, 1)
+
+	// Fake-mark them as expired
+	require.Nil(t, setUpdatedAt(testWebPushEndpoint, time.Now().Add(-10*24*time.Hour).Unix()))
+
+	// Run expiration
+	require.Nil(t, store.RemoveExpiredSubscriptions(9*24*time.Hour))
+
+	// List again, should be 0
+	subs, err = store.SubscriptionsForTopic("topic1")
+	require.Nil(t, err)
+	require.Len(t, subs, 0)
+}
--- a/webpush/types.go
+++ b/webpush/types.go
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package webpush
+
+import "heckel.io/ntfy/v2/log"
+
+// Subscription represents a web push subscription.
+type Subscription struct {
+	ID       string
+	Endpoint string
+	Auth     string
+	P256dh   string
+	UserID   string
+}
+
+// Context returns the logging context for the subscription.
+func (w *Subscription) Context() log.Context {
+	return map[string]any{
+		"web_push_subscription_id":       w.ID,
+		"web_push_subscription_user_id":  w.UserID,
+		"web_push_subscription_endpoint": w.Endpoint,
+	}
+}
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
binwiederhier	ae5e1fe8d8	Merge branch 'postgres-webpush' into postgres-webpush+user	2026-02-17 20:15:27 -05:00
binwiederhier	e3a402ed95	Make user tests work for postgres and sqlite	2026-02-17 20:14:45 -05:00
binwiederhier	1abc1005d0	Re-org	2026-02-17 12:04:51 -05:00
binwiederhier	909c3fe17b	Add Store-level unit tests for SQLite and PostgreSQL backends Add shared test functions in store_test.go covering all Store interface operations (users, tokens, access control, tiers, billing, stats, etc.) with per-backend wrappers in store_sqlite_test.go and store_postgres_test.go following the webpush test pattern. Fix broken isUniqueConstraintError() which used incorrect interface assertions instead of string matching for SQLite/PostgreSQL errors.	2026-02-16 22:56:31 -05:00
binwiederhier	07c3e280bf	Refactor user package to Store interface with PostgreSQL support Extract database operations from Manager into a Store interface with SQLite and PostgreSQL implementations using a shared commonStore. Split SQLite migrations into store_sqlite_migrations.go, use shared schema_version table for PostgreSQL, rename user_user/user_tier tables to "user"/tier, and wire up database-url in CLI commands.	2026-02-16 22:39:54 -05:00
binwiederhier	b567b4e904	Merge branch 'main' into postgres-webpush	2026-02-16 21:05:04 -05:00
binwiederhier	60fa50f0d5	Merge branch 'main' into postgres-webpush+user	2026-02-16 21:04:46 -05:00
binwiederhier	ceda5ec3d8	Move things in user package	2026-02-16 21:04:15 -05:00
binwiederhier	3d72845c81	Tests for user package	2026-02-16 20:49:17 -05:00
binwiederhier	82e15d84bd	Manual changes	2026-02-16 20:02:19 -05:00
binwiederhier	4e5f95ba0c	Refactor webpush store to eliminate code duplication Consolidate SQLite and Postgres store implementations into a single commonStore with database-specific SQL queries passed via configuration. This eliminates ~100 lines of duplicate code while maintaining full functionality for both backends. Key changes: - Move all store methods to commonStore in store.go - Remove sqliteStore and postgresStore wrapper structs - Refactor SQLite to use QueryRow() pattern like Postgres - Pass database-specific queries via storeQueries struct - Make store types unexported, only expose Store interface All tests pass for both SQLite and PostgreSQL backends.	2026-02-16 19:53:34 -05:00
binwiederhier	869b972a50	Manual review	2026-02-16 19:12:14 -05:00
binwiederhier	bdd20197b3	Manual refinements	2026-02-16 19:06:45 -05:00
binwiederhier	a8dcecdb6d	Refactor webpush store tests and add coverage - Add SetSubscriptionUpdatedAt to Store interface, remove DB() accessor - Rename store files to store_sqlite.go and store_postgres.go - Use camelCase for test function names - Add tests for upsert field updates and multi-user removal - Use transaction in setupNewPostgresDB - Use lowercase "excluded." in PostgreSQL upsert query	2026-02-16 18:53:12 -05:00
binwiederhier	5331437664	Unify webpush store tests across SQLite and PostgreSQL backends Share test logic in store_test.go with thin per-backend wrappers. Add SetSubscriptionUpdatedAt to both stores, removing the need for raw SQL and the DB() accessor in tests.	2026-02-16 12:38:00 -05:00
binwiederhier	e432bf2886	Rename PostgreSQL table prefix from wp_ to webpush_	2026-02-16 12:13:10 -05:00
binwiederhier	0edad84d86	Merge branch 'main' of https://hosted.weblate.org/git/ntfy/web	2026-02-16 10:55:17 -05:00
Philipp C. Heckel	ddf728acd1	Merge pull request #1607 from ZebMcKayhan/main Added SIA-Server to integration list	2026-02-16 10:49:34 -05:00
Philipp C. Heckel	b1d3671dbb	Merge pull request #1610 from luneth/patch-1 docs: Clarify F-Droid flavor excludes Google Services	2026-02-16 09:46:51 -05:00
luneth	3e6b46ec0c	Fix: Clarify F-Droid flavor excludes Google Services Updated documentation to reflect that the F-Droid flavor automatically excludes Google Services dependencies [here](`33a36c4b54/app/build.gradle (L82)`)	2026-02-16 15:43:57 +01:00
ZebMcKayhan	b16d381626	Update integrations.md Added SIA-Server to project list.	2026-02-15 19:41:22 +01:00
Mazurky	3bd1a1ea03	Translated using Weblate (Slovak) Currently translated at 100.0% (407 of 407 strings) Translation: ntfy/Web app Translate-URL: https://hosted.weblate.org/projects/ntfy/web/sk/	2026-02-13 22:09:46 +00:00
Philipp C. Heckel	7adb37b94b	Merge pull request #1603 from cyqsimon/npm-override Allow overriding `npm` binary in Makefile	2026-02-13 16:22:50 -05:00
cyqsimon	bc08819525	Allow overriding `npm` binary in Makefile	2026-02-12 17:57:09 +08:00