diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index b630e73..dc95f58 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1562,6 +1562,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "hyper-util",
  "log",
  "odoh-rs",
+ "psl",
  "qrcode",
  "rand_core 0.9.5",
  "rcgen",
@@ -1802,6 +1803,21 @@ dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "psl"
+version = "2.1.203"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "76c0777260d32b76a8c3c197646707085d37e79d63b5872a29192c8d4f60f50b"
+dependencies = [
+ "psl-types",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "psl-types"
+version = "2.0.11"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "33cb294fe86a74cbcf50d4445b37da762029549ebeea341421c7c70370f86cac"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "qrcode"
 version = "0.14.1"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index c22352b..ec3bb43 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ tokio-rustls = "0.26"
 arc-swap = "1"
 ring = "0.17"
 odoh-rs = "1"
+psl = "2"
 # rand_core 0.9 matches the version odoh-rs (via hpke 0.13) depends on, so we
 # share one RngCore trait and OsRng impl across the dep tree.
 rand_core = { version = "0.9", features = ["os_rng"] }
diff --git a/src/config.rs b/src/config.rs
index 1205e37..3a41d24 100644
--- a/src/config.rs
+++ b/src/config.rs
@@ -263,25 +263,29 @@ impl UpstreamConfig {
         if relay_url.scheme() != "https" || target_url.scheme() != "https" {
             return Err("upstream.relay and upstream.target must both use https://".into());
         }
-        if relay_url.host_str().is_none() || target_url.host_str().is_none() {
-            return Err("upstream.relay and upstream.target must include a host".into());
-        }
-        if relay_url.host_str() == target_url.host_str() {
-            return Err(format!(
-                "upstream.relay and upstream.target resolve to the same host ({}); the privacy property requires distinct operators",
-                relay_url.host_str().unwrap_or("?")
-            )
-            .into());
-        }
-
         let relay_host = relay_url
             .host_str()
-            .ok_or("upstream.relay has no host")?
+            .ok_or("upstream.relay must include a host")?
             .to_string();
         let target_host = target_url
             .host_str()
-            .ok_or("upstream.target has no host")?
+            .ok_or("upstream.target must include a host")?
             .to_string();
+
+        if relay_host == target_host {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "upstream.relay and upstream.target resolve to the same host ({}); the privacy property requires distinct operators",
+                relay_host
+            )
+            .into());
+        }
+        if let Some(shared) = shared_registrable_domain(&relay_host, &target_host) {
+            return Err(format!(
+                "upstream.relay ({}) and upstream.target ({}) share the registrable domain ({}); the privacy property requires distinct operators",
+                relay_host, target_host, shared
+            )
+            .into());
+        }
         let target_path = if target_url.path().is_empty() {
             "/".to_string()
         } else {
@@ -303,6 +307,20 @@ impl UpstreamConfig {
     }
 }
 
+/// Returns the registrable domain (eTLD+1) shared by both hosts, if any.
+/// Fails open on hosts the PSL can't parse (IP literals, bare TLDs).
+fn shared_registrable_domain(relay_host: &str, target_host: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    let relay = psl::domain(relay_host.as_bytes())?;
+    let target = psl::domain(target_host.as_bytes())?;
+    if relay.as_bytes() == target.as_bytes() {
+        std::str::from_utf8(relay.as_bytes())
+            .ok()
+            .map(str::to_owned)
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
 fn string_or_vec<'de, D>(deserializer: D) -> std::result::Result<Vec<String>, D::Error>
 where
     D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
@@ -830,6 +848,59 @@ target = "https://odoh.example.com/dns-query"
         assert!(err.contains("same host"), "got: {err}");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn odoh_rejects_shared_registrable_domain() {
+        let toml = r#"
+[upstream]
+mode = "odoh"
+relay = "https://r.cloudflare.com/relay"
+target = "https://odoh.cloudflare.com/dns-query"
+"#;
+        let config: Config = toml::from_str(toml).unwrap();
+        let err = config.upstream.odoh_upstream().unwrap_err().to_string();
+        assert!(err.contains("registrable domain"), "got: {err}");
+        assert!(err.contains("cloudflare.com"), "got: {err}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn odoh_rejects_shared_registrable_under_multi_label_suffix() {
+        let toml = r#"
+[upstream]
+mode = "odoh"
+relay = "https://a.foo.co.uk/relay"
+target = "https://b.foo.co.uk/dns-query"
+"#;
+        let config: Config = toml::from_str(toml).unwrap();
+        let err = config.upstream.odoh_upstream().unwrap_err().to_string();
+        assert!(err.contains("foo.co.uk"), "got: {err}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn odoh_accepts_distinct_registrable_under_multi_label_suffix() {
+        let toml = r#"
+[upstream]
+mode = "odoh"
+relay = "https://relay.foo.co.uk/relay"
+target = "https://target.bar.co.uk/dns-query"
+"#;
+        let config: Config = toml::from_str(toml).unwrap();
+        assert!(config.upstream.odoh_upstream().is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn odoh_accepts_distinct_private_psl_suffix_subdomains() {
+        // *.github.io is a public suffix, so foo.github.io and bar.github.io
+        // are independent registrable domains — accept.
+        let toml = r#"
+[upstream]
+mode = "odoh"
+relay = "https://foo.github.io/relay"
+target = "https://bar.github.io/dns-query"
+"#;
+        let config: Config = toml::from_str(toml).unwrap();
+        assert!(config.upstream.odoh_upstream().is_ok());
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn odoh_rejects_non_https() {
         let toml = r#"