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# Graph Operations, Cypher & SPARQL Module
This module provides graph database capabilities for the ruvector-postgres extension, including graph storage, traversal algorithms, Cypher query support, and W3C-standard SPARQL for RDF data.
## Features
- **Concurrent Graph Storage**: Thread-safe graph storage using DashMap
- **Node & Edge Management**: Full-featured node and edge storage with properties
- **Label Indexing**: Fast node lookups by label
- **Adjacency Lists**: Efficient edge traversal with O(1) neighbor access
- **Graph Traversal**: BFS, DFS, and Dijkstra's shortest path algorithms
- **Cypher Support**: Simplified Cypher query language for graph operations
- **SPARQL 1.1 Support**: W3C-standard query language for RDF triple stores
- **RDF Triple Store**: Efficient storage with SPO/POS/OSP indexing
- **PostgreSQL Integration**: Native pgrx-based PostgreSQL functions
## Architecture
### Storage Layer (`storage.rs`)
```rust
// Node with labels and properties
pub struct Node {
pub id: u64,
pub labels: Vec<String>,
pub properties: HashMap<String, JsonValue>,
}
// Edge with type and properties
pub struct Edge {
pub id: u64,
pub source: u64,
pub target: u64,
pub edge_type: String,
pub properties: HashMap<String, JsonValue>,
}
// Concurrent storage with indexing
pub struct GraphStore {
pub nodes: NodeStore, // DashMap-based
pub edges: EdgeStore, // DashMap-based
}
```
### Traversal Layer (`traversal.rs`)
Implements common graph algorithms:
- **BFS**: Breadth-first search for shortest path by hop count
- **DFS**: Depth-first search with visitor pattern
- **Dijkstra**: Weighted shortest path with custom edge weights
- **All Paths**: Find multiple paths between nodes
### Cypher Layer (`cypher/`)
Simplified Cypher query language support:
- **AST** (`ast.rs`): Complete abstract syntax tree for Cypher
- **Parser** (`parser.rs`): Basic parser for common Cypher patterns
- **Executor** (`executor.rs`): Query execution engine
Supported Cypher clauses:
- `CREATE`: Create nodes and relationships
- `MATCH`: Pattern matching
- `WHERE`: Filtering
- `RETURN`: Result projection
- `SET`, `DELETE`, `WITH`: Basic support
### SPARQL Layer (`sparql/`)
W3C SPARQL 1.1 implementation for RDF data:
- **AST** (`ast.rs`): Complete SPARQL abstract syntax tree
- **Parser** (`parser.rs`): Full SPARQL 1.1 query parser
- **Executor** (`executor.rs`): Query execution with BGP matching, JOINs
- **Triple Store** (`triple_store.rs`): Efficient RDF storage with SPO/POS/OSP indexes
- **Functions** (`functions.rs`): 50+ built-in SPARQL functions
- **Results** (`results.rs`): JSON, XML, CSV, TSV formatters
Supported SPARQL features:
- Query forms: `SELECT`, `CONSTRUCT`, `ASK`, `DESCRIBE`
- Graph patterns: `OPTIONAL`, `UNION`, `MINUS`, `FILTER`
- Property paths: `/`, `|`, `^`, `*`, `+`, `?`
- Aggregates: `COUNT`, `SUM`, `AVG`, `MIN`, `MAX`, `GROUP_CONCAT`
- Solution modifiers: `ORDER BY`, `LIMIT`, `OFFSET`, `GROUP BY`, `HAVING`
- Update operations: `INSERT DATA`, `DELETE DATA`, `DELETE/INSERT WHERE`
## PostgreSQL Functions
### Graph Management
```sql
-- Create a new graph
SELECT ruvector_create_graph('my_graph');
-- List all graphs
SELECT ruvector_list_graphs();
-- Delete a graph
SELECT ruvector_delete_graph('my_graph');
-- Get graph statistics
SELECT ruvector_graph_stats('my_graph');
-- Returns: {"name": "my_graph", "node_count": 100, "edge_count": 250, ...}
```
### Node Operations
```sql
-- Add a node
SELECT ruvector_add_node(
'my_graph',
ARRAY['Person', 'Employee'], -- Labels
'{"name": "Alice", "age": 30, "department": "Engineering"}'::jsonb
);
-- Returns: node_id (bigint)
-- Get a node by ID
SELECT ruvector_get_node('my_graph', 1);
-- Returns: {"id": 1, "labels": ["Person"], "properties": {...}}
-- Find nodes by label
SELECT ruvector_find_nodes_by_label('my_graph', 'Person');
-- Returns: array of nodes
```
### Edge Operations
```sql
-- Add an edge
SELECT ruvector_add_edge(
'my_graph',
1, -- source_id
2, -- target_id
'KNOWS', -- edge_type
'{"since": 2020, "weight": 0.8}'::jsonb
);
-- Returns: edge_id (bigint)
-- Get an edge by ID
SELECT ruvector_get_edge('my_graph', 1);
-- Get neighbors of a node
SELECT ruvector_get_neighbors('my_graph', 1);
-- Returns: array of node IDs
```
### Graph Traversal
```sql
-- Find shortest path (unweighted)
SELECT ruvector_shortest_path(
'my_graph',
1, -- start_id
10, -- end_id
5 -- max_hops
);
-- Returns: {"nodes": [1, 3, 7, 10], "edges": [12, 45, 89], "length": 4, "cost": 0}
-- Find weighted shortest path
SELECT ruvector_shortest_path_weighted(
'my_graph',
1, -- start_id
10, -- end_id
'weight' -- property name for edge weights
);
-- Returns: {"nodes": [...], "edges": [...], "length": 4, "cost": 2.5}
```
### Cypher Queries
```sql
-- Create nodes
SELECT ruvector_cypher(
'my_graph',
'CREATE (n:Person {name: ''Alice'', age: 30}) RETURN n',
NULL
);
-- Match and filter
SELECT ruvector_cypher(
'my_graph',
'MATCH (n:Person) WHERE n.age > 25 RETURN n.name, n.age',
NULL
);
-- Parameterized queries
SELECT ruvector_cypher(
'my_graph',
'MATCH (n:Person) WHERE n.name = $name RETURN n',
'{"name": "Alice"}'::jsonb
);
-- Create relationships
SELECT ruvector_cypher(
'my_graph',
'CREATE (a:Person {name: ''Alice''})-[:KNOWS {since: 2020}]->(b:Person {name: ''Bob''}) RETURN a, b',
NULL
);
```
### SPARQL / RDF Operations
```sql
-- Create RDF triple store
SELECT ruvector_create_rdf_store('my_knowledge_base');
-- Insert individual triples
SELECT ruvector_insert_triple(
'my_knowledge_base',
'<http://example.org/person/alice>',
'<http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type>',
'<http://example.org/Person>'
);
-- Insert triple into named graph
SELECT ruvector_insert_triple_graph(
'my_knowledge_base',
'<http://example.org/person/alice>',
'<http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name>',
'"Alice Smith"',
'http://example.org/people'
);
-- Bulk load N-Triples format
SELECT ruvector_load_ntriples('my_knowledge_base', '
<http://example.org/person/bob> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://example.org/Person> .
<http://example.org/person/bob> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Bob Jones" .
<http://example.org/person/alice> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows> <http://example.org/person/bob> .
');
-- Execute SPARQL SELECT query
SELECT ruvector_sparql('my_knowledge_base', '
PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
SELECT ?person ?name
WHERE {
?person a <http://example.org/Person> .
?person foaf:name ?name .
}
ORDER BY ?name
', 'json');
-- SPARQL ASK query
SELECT ruvector_sparql('my_knowledge_base',
'ASK { <http://example.org/person/alice> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows> ?friend }',
'json'
);
-- Get results as JSONB
SELECT ruvector_sparql_json('my_knowledge_base',
'SELECT ?s ?p ?o WHERE { ?s ?p ?o } LIMIT 10'
);
-- Query triples by pattern (NULL = wildcard)
SELECT ruvector_query_triples('my_knowledge_base',
'<http://example.org/person/alice>', -- subject
NULL, -- any predicate
NULL -- any object
);
-- Get store statistics
SELECT ruvector_rdf_stats('my_knowledge_base');
-- Returns: {"name": "...", "triple_count": 5, "subject_count": 2, ...}
-- SPARQL UPDATE
SELECT ruvector_sparql_update('my_knowledge_base', '
INSERT DATA {
<http://example.org/person/charlie> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Charlie" .
}
');
-- Clear store
SELECT ruvector_clear_rdf_store('my_knowledge_base');
-- Delete store
SELECT ruvector_delete_rdf_store('my_knowledge_base');
-- List all stores
SELECT ruvector_list_rdf_stores();
```
## Usage Examples
### Social Network
```sql
-- Create graph
SELECT ruvector_create_graph('social_network');
-- Add users
WITH users AS (
SELECT ruvector_add_node('social_network', ARRAY['Person'],
jsonb_build_object('name', name, 'age', age))
FROM (VALUES
('Alice', 30),
('Bob', 25),
('Charlie', 35),
('Diana', 28)
) AS t(name, age)
)
-- Create friendships
SELECT ruvector_add_edge('social_network', 1, 2, 'FRIENDS',
'{"since": "2020-01-15"}'::jsonb);
SELECT ruvector_add_edge('social_network', 2, 3, 'FRIENDS',
'{"since": "2019-06-20"}'::jsonb);
SELECT ruvector_add_edge('social_network', 1, 4, 'FRIENDS',
'{"since": "2021-03-10"}'::jsonb);
-- Find connection between Alice and Charlie
SELECT ruvector_shortest_path('social_network', 1, 3, 10);
-- Cypher: Find all friends of friends
SELECT ruvector_cypher(
'social_network',
'MATCH (a:Person)-[:FRIENDS]->(b:Person)-[:FRIENDS]->(c:Person)
WHERE a.name = ''Alice'' RETURN c.name',
NULL
);
```
### SPARQL Knowledge Graph
```sql
-- Create RDF knowledge graph
SELECT ruvector_create_rdf_store('dbpedia_subset');
-- Load sample data
SELECT ruvector_load_ntriples('dbpedia_subset', '
<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Albert_Einstein> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/Scientist> .
<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Albert_Einstein> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Albert Einstein" .
<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Albert_Einstein> <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/birthPlace> <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Ulm> .
<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Albert_Einstein> <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/field> <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Physics> .
<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Marie_Curie> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/Scientist> .
<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Marie_Curie> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Marie Curie" .
<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Marie_Curie> <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/field> <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Physics> .
');
-- Find all scientists in physics
SELECT ruvector_sparql('dbpedia_subset', '
PREFIX dbo: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/>
PREFIX dbr: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/>
PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
SELECT ?name
WHERE {
?person a dbo:Scientist .
?person dbo:field dbr:Physics .
?person foaf:name ?name .
}
', 'json');
-- Check if Einstein was a scientist
SELECT ruvector_sparql('dbpedia_subset', '
PREFIX dbo: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/>
PREFIX dbr: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/>
ASK { dbr:Albert_Einstein a dbo:Scientist }
', 'json');
-- Get all properties of Einstein
SELECT ruvector_query_triples('dbpedia_subset',
'<http://dbpedia.org/resource/Albert_Einstein>',
NULL,
NULL
);
```
### Knowledge Graph
```sql
-- Create knowledge graph
SELECT ruvector_create_graph('knowledge');
-- Add concepts
SELECT ruvector_add_node('knowledge', ARRAY['Concept'],
'{"name": "Machine Learning", "category": "AI"}'::jsonb);
SELECT ruvector_add_node('knowledge', ARRAY['Concept'],
'{"name": "Neural Networks", "category": "AI"}'::jsonb);
SELECT ruvector_add_node('knowledge', ARRAY['Concept'],
'{"name": "Deep Learning", "category": "AI"}'::jsonb);
-- Create relationships
SELECT ruvector_add_edge('knowledge', 1, 2, 'INCLUDES',
'{"strength": 0.9}'::jsonb);
SELECT ruvector_add_edge('knowledge', 2, 3, 'SPECIALIZES_IN',
'{"strength": 0.95}'::jsonb);
-- Find weighted path
SELECT ruvector_shortest_path_weighted('knowledge', 1, 3, 'strength');
```
### Recommendation System
```sql
-- Create graph
SELECT ruvector_create_graph('recommendations');
-- Add users and items
SELECT ruvector_cypher('recommendations',
'CREATE (u:User {name: ''Alice''})
CREATE (m1:Movie {title: ''Inception''})
CREATE (m2:Movie {title: ''Interstellar''})
CREATE (u)-[:WATCHED {rating: 5}]->(m1)
CREATE (u)-[:WATCHED {rating: 4}]->(m2)
RETURN u, m1, m2',
NULL
);
-- Find similar users or items
SELECT ruvector_cypher('recommendations',
'MATCH (u1:User)-[:WATCHED]->(m:Movie)<-[:WATCHED]-(u2:User)
WHERE u1.name = ''Alice''
RETURN u2.name, COUNT(m) AS common_movies
ORDER BY common_movies DESC',
NULL
);
```
## Performance Characteristics
### Storage
- **Node Lookup**: O(1) by ID, O(k) by label (k = nodes with label)
- **Edge Lookup**: O(1) by ID, O(d) for neighbors (d = degree)
- **Concurrent Access**: Lock-free reads, minimal contention on writes
### Traversal
- **BFS**: O(V + E) time, O(V) space
- **DFS**: O(V + E) time, O(h) space (h = max depth)
- **Dijkstra**: O((V + E) log V) time with binary heap
### Scalability
- Thread-safe concurrent operations
- Memory-efficient adjacency lists
- Label and type indexing for fast filtering
## Implementation Details
### Concurrent Storage
Uses `DashMap` for lock-free concurrent access:
```rust
pub struct NodeStore {
nodes: DashMap<u64, Node>,
label_index: DashMap<String, HashSet<u64>>,
next_id: AtomicU64,
}
```
### Graph Registry
Global registry for named graphs:
```rust
static GRAPH_REGISTRY: Lazy<DashMap<String, Arc<GraphStore>>> = ...
```
### Cypher Parser
Basic recursive descent parser:
- Handles common patterns: `(n:Label {prop: value})`
- Relationship patterns: `-[:TYPE]->`, `<-[:TYPE]-`
- WHERE conditions, RETURN projections
- Property extraction and type inference
## Limitations
### Current Parser Limitations
The Cypher parser is simplified for demonstration:
- No support for complex WHERE conditions (AND/OR)
- Limited expression support (basic comparisons only)
- No aggregation functions (COUNT, SUM, etc.)
- No ORDER BY or GROUP BY clauses
- Basic pattern matching only
### Production Recommendations
For production use, consider:
- Using a proper parser library (nom, pest, lalrpop)
- Adding comprehensive error messages
- Implementing full Cypher specification
- Query optimization and planning
- Transaction support
- Persistence layer
## Testing
Comprehensive test suite included:
```bash
# Run all tests
cargo pgrx test
# Run specific test
cargo pgrx test test_create_graph
```
Test coverage:
- Node and edge CRUD operations
- Graph traversal algorithms
- Cypher query execution
- PostgreSQL function integration
- Concurrent access patterns
## Future Enhancements
- [x] SPARQL 1.1 query support
- [x] RDF triple store with indexing
- [ ] Graph analytics (PageRank, community detection)
- [ ] Temporal graphs (time-aware edges)
- [ ] Property graph constraints
- [ ] Full-text search on properties
- [ ] Persistent storage backend
- [ ] Query optimization
- [ ] Distributed graph support
- [ ] GraphQL interface
- [ ] SPARQL federated queries
- [ ] OWL/RDFS reasoning
## References
- [Cypher Query Language](https://neo4j.com/developer/cypher/)
- [Property Graph Model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_database#Labeled-property_graph)
- [Graph Algorithms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_traversal)
- [SPARQL 1.1 Query Language](https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/)
- [SPARQL 1.1 Update](https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-update/)
- [RDF 1.1 Concepts](https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-concepts/)
- [pgrx Documentation](https://github.com/pgcentralfoundation/pgrx)

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// Cypher AST (Abstract Syntax Tree) types
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
use serde_json::Value as JsonValue;
use std::collections::HashMap;
/// Complete Cypher query
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct CypherQuery {
pub clauses: Vec<Clause>,
}
impl CypherQuery {
pub fn new() -> Self {
Self {
clauses: Vec::new(),
}
}
pub fn with_clause(mut self, clause: Clause) -> Self {
self.clauses.push(clause);
self
}
}
impl Default for CypherQuery {
fn default() -> Self {
Self::new()
}
}
/// Query clause
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub enum Clause {
Match(MatchClause),
Create(CreateClause),
Return(ReturnClause),
Where(WhereClause),
Set(SetClause),
Delete(DeleteClause),
With(WithClause),
}
/// MATCH clause
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct MatchClause {
pub patterns: Vec<Pattern>,
pub optional: bool,
}
impl MatchClause {
pub fn new(patterns: Vec<Pattern>) -> Self {
Self {
patterns,
optional: false,
}
}
pub fn optional(mut self) -> Self {
self.optional = true;
self
}
}
/// CREATE clause
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct CreateClause {
pub patterns: Vec<Pattern>,
}
impl CreateClause {
pub fn new(patterns: Vec<Pattern>) -> Self {
Self { patterns }
}
}
/// RETURN clause
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct ReturnClause {
pub items: Vec<ReturnItem>,
pub distinct: bool,
pub limit: Option<usize>,
pub skip: Option<usize>,
}
impl ReturnClause {
pub fn new(items: Vec<ReturnItem>) -> Self {
Self {
items,
distinct: false,
limit: None,
skip: None,
}
}
pub fn distinct(mut self) -> Self {
self.distinct = true;
self
}
pub fn limit(mut self, limit: usize) -> Self {
self.limit = Some(limit);
self
}
pub fn skip(mut self, skip: usize) -> Self {
self.skip = Some(skip);
self
}
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct ReturnItem {
pub expression: Expression,
pub alias: Option<String>,
}
impl ReturnItem {
pub fn new(expression: Expression) -> Self {
Self {
expression,
alias: None,
}
}
pub fn with_alias(mut self, alias: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
self.alias = Some(alias.into());
self
}
}
/// WHERE clause
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct WhereClause {
pub condition: Expression,
}
impl WhereClause {
pub fn new(condition: Expression) -> Self {
Self { condition }
}
}
/// SET clause
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct SetClause {
pub items: Vec<SetItem>,
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct SetItem {
pub variable: String,
pub property: String,
pub value: Expression,
}
/// DELETE clause
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct DeleteClause {
pub items: Vec<String>,
pub detach: bool,
}
/// WITH clause
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct WithClause {
pub items: Vec<ReturnItem>,
}
/// Graph pattern (node)-[relationship]->(node)
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct Pattern {
pub elements: Vec<PatternElement>,
}
impl Pattern {
pub fn new() -> Self {
Self {
elements: Vec::new(),
}
}
pub fn with_element(mut self, element: PatternElement) -> Self {
self.elements.push(element);
self
}
}
impl Default for Pattern {
fn default() -> Self {
Self::new()
}
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub enum PatternElement {
Node(NodePattern),
Relationship(RelationshipPattern),
}
/// Node pattern (n:Label {property: value})
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct NodePattern {
pub variable: Option<String>,
pub labels: Vec<String>,
pub properties: HashMap<String, Expression>,
}
impl NodePattern {
pub fn new() -> Self {
Self {
variable: None,
labels: Vec::new(),
properties: HashMap::new(),
}
}
pub fn with_variable(mut self, variable: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
self.variable = Some(variable.into());
self
}
pub fn with_label(mut self, label: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
self.labels.push(label.into());
self
}
pub fn with_property(mut self, key: impl Into<String>, value: Expression) -> Self {
self.properties.insert(key.into(), value);
self
}
}
impl Default for NodePattern {
fn default() -> Self {
Self::new()
}
}
/// Relationship pattern -[r:TYPE {property: value}]->
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct RelationshipPattern {
pub variable: Option<String>,
pub rel_type: Option<String>,
pub properties: HashMap<String, Expression>,
pub direction: Direction,
pub min_hops: Option<usize>,
pub max_hops: Option<usize>,
}
impl RelationshipPattern {
pub fn new(direction: Direction) -> Self {
Self {
variable: None,
rel_type: None,
properties: HashMap::new(),
direction,
min_hops: None,
max_hops: None,
}
}
pub fn with_variable(mut self, variable: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
self.variable = Some(variable.into());
self
}
pub fn with_type(mut self, rel_type: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
self.rel_type = Some(rel_type.into());
self
}
pub fn with_property(mut self, key: impl Into<String>, value: Expression) -> Self {
self.properties.insert(key.into(), value);
self
}
pub fn with_hops(mut self, min: usize, max: usize) -> Self {
self.min_hops = Some(min);
self.max_hops = Some(max);
self
}
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub enum Direction {
Outgoing, // ->
Incoming, // <-
Both, // -
}
/// Expression in Cypher
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub enum Expression {
Literal(JsonValue),
Variable(String),
Property(String, String), // variable.property
Parameter(String), // $param
FunctionCall(String, Vec<Expression>),
BinaryOp(Box<Expression>, BinaryOperator, Box<Expression>),
UnaryOp(UnaryOperator, Box<Expression>),
}
impl Expression {
pub fn literal(value: impl Into<JsonValue>) -> Self {
Self::Literal(value.into())
}
pub fn variable(name: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
Self::Variable(name.into())
}
pub fn property(var: impl Into<String>, prop: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
Self::Property(var.into(), prop.into())
}
pub fn parameter(name: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
Self::Parameter(name.into())
}
pub fn function(name: impl Into<String>, args: Vec<Expression>) -> Self {
Self::FunctionCall(name.into(), args)
}
pub fn binary(left: Expression, op: BinaryOperator, right: Expression) -> Self {
Self::BinaryOp(Box::new(left), op, Box::new(right))
}
pub fn unary(op: UnaryOperator, expr: Expression) -> Self {
Self::UnaryOp(op, Box::new(expr))
}
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub enum BinaryOperator {
Eq, // =
Neq, // <>
Lt, // <
Lte, // <=
Gt, // >
Gte, // >=
And, // AND
Or, // OR
Add, // +
Sub, // -
Mul, // *
Div, // /
Mod, // %
In, // IN
Contains, // CONTAINS
StartsWith, // STARTS WITH
EndsWith, // ENDS WITH
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub enum UnaryOperator {
Not, // NOT
Minus, // -
}

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// Cypher query executor
use super::ast::*;
use crate::graph::storage::GraphStore;
use serde_json::{json, Value as JsonValue};
use std::collections::HashMap;
/// Execute a parsed Cypher query
pub fn execute_cypher(
graph: &GraphStore,
query: &CypherQuery,
params: Option<&JsonValue>,
) -> Result<JsonValue, String> {
let mut context = ExecutionContext::new(params);
for clause in &query.clauses {
match clause {
Clause::Match(m) => execute_match(graph, m, &mut context)?,
Clause::Create(c) => execute_create(graph, c, &mut context)?,
Clause::Return(r) => return execute_return(graph, r, &context),
Clause::Where(w) => execute_where(graph, w, &mut context)?,
Clause::Set(s) => execute_set(graph, s, &mut context)?,
Clause::Delete(d) => execute_delete(graph, d, &mut context)?,
Clause::With(w) => execute_with(graph, w, &mut context)?,
}
}
// If no RETURN clause, return empty result
Ok(json!([]))
}
/// Execution context holding variable bindings
struct ExecutionContext<'a> {
bindings: Vec<HashMap<String, Binding>>,
params: Option<&'a JsonValue>,
}
impl<'a> ExecutionContext<'a> {
fn new(params: Option<&'a JsonValue>) -> Self {
Self {
bindings: vec![HashMap::new()],
params,
}
}
fn bind(&mut self, var: &str, binding: Binding) {
if let Some(last) = self.bindings.last_mut() {
last.insert(var.to_string(), binding);
}
}
fn get(&self, var: &str) -> Option<&Binding> {
for bindings in self.bindings.iter().rev() {
if let Some(binding) = bindings.get(var) {
return Some(binding);
}
}
None
}
fn get_param(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&JsonValue> {
self.params.and_then(|p| p.get(name))
}
fn push_scope(&mut self) {
self.bindings.push(HashMap::new());
}
fn pop_scope(&mut self) {
self.bindings.pop();
}
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
enum Binding {
Node(u64),
Edge(u64),
Value(JsonValue),
}
fn execute_match(
graph: &GraphStore,
match_clause: &MatchClause,
context: &mut ExecutionContext,
) -> Result<(), String> {
for pattern in &match_clause.patterns {
match_pattern(graph, pattern, context)?;
}
Ok(())
}
fn match_pattern(
graph: &GraphStore,
pattern: &Pattern,
context: &mut ExecutionContext,
) -> Result<(), String> {
// Simple implementation: match nodes by label and properties
for element in &pattern.elements {
match element {
PatternElement::Node(node_pattern) => {
match_node(graph, node_pattern, context)?;
}
PatternElement::Relationship(rel_pattern) => {
match_relationship(graph, rel_pattern, context)?;
}
}
}
Ok(())
}
fn match_node(
graph: &GraphStore,
pattern: &NodePattern,
context: &mut ExecutionContext,
) -> Result<(), String> {
// Find nodes matching labels and properties
let candidates = if pattern.labels.is_empty() {
graph.nodes.all_nodes()
} else {
// Find by first label
graph.nodes.find_by_label(&pattern.labels[0])
};
for node in candidates {
// Check additional labels
if !pattern.labels.iter().all(|l| node.has_label(l)) {
continue;
}
// Check properties
let matches_props = pattern.properties.iter().all(|(key, expr)| {
if let Some(node_value) = node.get_property(key) {
if let Expression::Literal(expected) = expr {
node_value == expected
} else {
false
}
} else {
false
}
});
if matches_props {
if let Some(var) = &pattern.variable {
context.bind(var, Binding::Node(node.id));
}
return Ok(());
}
}
Ok(())
}
fn match_relationship(
_graph: &GraphStore,
_pattern: &RelationshipPattern,
_context: &mut ExecutionContext,
) -> Result<(), String> {
// Simplified relationship matching
// Production code would traverse the graph based on relationship pattern
Ok(())
}
fn execute_create(
graph: &GraphStore,
create_clause: &CreateClause,
context: &mut ExecutionContext,
) -> Result<(), String> {
for pattern in &create_clause.patterns {
create_pattern(graph, pattern, context)?;
}
Ok(())
}
fn create_pattern(
graph: &GraphStore,
pattern: &Pattern,
context: &mut ExecutionContext,
) -> Result<(), String> {
let mut last_node_id: Option<u64> = None;
for element in &pattern.elements {
match element {
PatternElement::Node(node_pattern) => {
let node_id = create_node(graph, node_pattern, context)?;
last_node_id = Some(node_id);
if let Some(var) = &node_pattern.variable {
context.bind(var, Binding::Node(node_id));
}
}
PatternElement::Relationship(rel_pattern) => {
if let Some(source_id) = last_node_id {
// For CREATE, we need to get the target node from context or create it
// This is simplified - production code would handle more complex patterns
let edge_id = create_relationship(graph, rel_pattern, source_id, context)?;
if let Some(var) = &rel_pattern.variable {
context.bind(var, Binding::Edge(edge_id));
}
}
}
}
}
Ok(())
}
fn create_node(
graph: &GraphStore,
pattern: &NodePattern,
context: &ExecutionContext,
) -> Result<u64, String> {
let mut properties = HashMap::new();
for (key, expr) in &pattern.properties {
let value = evaluate_expression(expr, context)?;
properties.insert(key.clone(), value);
}
let node_id = graph.add_node(pattern.labels.clone(), properties);
Ok(node_id)
}
fn create_relationship(
graph: &GraphStore,
pattern: &RelationshipPattern,
source_id: u64,
context: &ExecutionContext,
) -> Result<u64, String> {
// Simplified: assumes target node is bound in context
// Production code would handle more complex patterns
let mut properties = HashMap::new();
for (key, expr) in &pattern.properties {
let value = evaluate_expression(expr, context)?;
properties.insert(key.clone(), value);
}
let edge_type = pattern
.rel_type
.clone()
.unwrap_or_else(|| "RELATED".to_string());
// For now, create a self-loop. Production code would get target from pattern
let target_id = source_id;
graph.add_edge(source_id, target_id, edge_type, properties)
}
fn execute_return(
graph: &GraphStore,
return_clause: &ReturnClause,
context: &ExecutionContext,
) -> Result<JsonValue, String> {
let mut results = Vec::new();
// If no bindings, return empty
if context.bindings.is_empty() || context.bindings[0].is_empty() {
return Ok(json!([]));
}
// For each binding combination
for bindings in &context.bindings {
if bindings.is_empty() {
continue;
}
let mut row = serde_json::Map::new();
for item in &return_clause.items {
let value = evaluate_return_item(graph, item, bindings)?;
let key = item.alias.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| {
// Generate key from expression
match &item.expression {
Expression::Variable(v) => v.clone(),
Expression::Property(v, p) => format!("{}.{}", v, p),
_ => "result".to_string(),
}
});
row.insert(key, value);
}
results.push(JsonValue::Object(row));
}
// Apply DISTINCT
if return_clause.distinct {
results.sort_by(|a, b| a.to_string().cmp(&b.to_string()));
results.dedup();
}
// Apply SKIP
if let Some(skip) = return_clause.skip {
results = results.into_iter().skip(skip).collect();
}
// Apply LIMIT
if let Some(limit) = return_clause.limit {
results.truncate(limit);
}
Ok(JsonValue::Array(results))
}
fn evaluate_return_item(
graph: &GraphStore,
item: &ReturnItem,
bindings: &HashMap<String, Binding>,
) -> Result<JsonValue, String> {
match &item.expression {
Expression::Variable(var) => {
if let Some(binding) = bindings.get(var) {
match binding {
Binding::Node(id) => {
if let Some(node) = graph.nodes.get(*id) {
Ok(serde_json::to_value(&node).unwrap())
} else {
Ok(JsonValue::Null)
}
}
Binding::Edge(id) => {
if let Some(edge) = graph.edges.get(*id) {
Ok(serde_json::to_value(&edge).unwrap())
} else {
Ok(JsonValue::Null)
}
}
Binding::Value(v) => Ok(v.clone()),
}
} else {
Ok(JsonValue::Null)
}
}
Expression::Property(var, prop) => {
if let Some(Binding::Node(id)) = bindings.get(var) {
if let Some(node) = graph.nodes.get(*id) {
Ok(node.get_property(prop).cloned().unwrap_or(JsonValue::Null))
} else {
Ok(JsonValue::Null)
}
} else {
Ok(JsonValue::Null)
}
}
Expression::Literal(value) => Ok(value.clone()),
_ => Err("Unsupported return expression".to_string()),
}
}
fn execute_where(
_graph: &GraphStore,
where_clause: &WhereClause,
context: &mut ExecutionContext,
) -> Result<(), String> {
// Evaluate WHERE condition and filter bindings
// Simplified implementation
let result = evaluate_expression(&where_clause.condition, context)?;
if !result.as_bool().unwrap_or(false) {
// Clear bindings if condition is false
if let Some(last) = context.bindings.last_mut() {
last.clear();
}
}
Ok(())
}
fn execute_set(
_graph: &GraphStore,
_set_clause: &SetClause,
_context: &mut ExecutionContext,
) -> Result<(), String> {
// Simplified SET implementation
Ok(())
}
fn execute_delete(
_graph: &GraphStore,
_delete_clause: &DeleteClause,
_context: &mut ExecutionContext,
) -> Result<(), String> {
// Simplified DELETE implementation
Ok(())
}
fn execute_with(
_graph: &GraphStore,
_with_clause: &WithClause,
_context: &mut ExecutionContext,
) -> Result<(), String> {
// Simplified WITH implementation
Ok(())
}
fn evaluate_expression(expr: &Expression, context: &ExecutionContext) -> Result<JsonValue, String> {
match expr {
Expression::Literal(value) => Ok(value.clone()),
Expression::Variable(var) => {
if let Some(binding) = context.get(var) {
match binding {
Binding::Value(v) => Ok(v.clone()),
Binding::Node(id) => Ok(json!({ "id": id })),
Binding::Edge(id) => Ok(json!({ "id": id })),
}
} else {
Ok(JsonValue::Null)
}
}
Expression::Parameter(name) => {
Ok(context.get_param(name).cloned().unwrap_or(JsonValue::Null))
}
Expression::BinaryOp(left, op, right) => {
let left_val = evaluate_expression(left, context)?;
let right_val = evaluate_expression(right, context)?;
match op {
BinaryOperator::Eq => Ok(json!(left_val == right_val)),
BinaryOperator::Neq => Ok(json!(left_val != right_val)),
BinaryOperator::Lt => {
if let (Some(l), Some(r)) = (left_val.as_f64(), right_val.as_f64()) {
Ok(json!(l < r))
} else {
Ok(json!(false))
}
}
BinaryOperator::Gt => {
if let (Some(l), Some(r)) = (left_val.as_f64(), right_val.as_f64()) {
Ok(json!(l > r))
} else {
Ok(json!(false))
}
}
_ => Err(format!("Unsupported binary operator: {:?}", op)),
}
}
_ => Err("Unsupported expression type".to_string()),
}
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
fn test_execute_create() {
let graph = GraphStore::new();
let pattern = Pattern::new().with_element(PatternElement::Node(
NodePattern::new()
.with_variable("n")
.with_label("Person")
.with_property("name", Expression::literal("Alice")),
));
let create = CreateClause::new(vec![pattern]);
let query = CypherQuery::new()
.with_clause(Clause::Create(create))
.with_clause(Clause::Return(ReturnClause::new(vec![ReturnItem::new(
Expression::variable("n"),
)])));
let result = execute_cypher(&graph, &query, None);
assert!(result.is_ok());
let json = result.unwrap();
assert!(json.is_array());
}
#[test]
fn test_execute_match() {
let graph = GraphStore::new();
// Create a node first
graph.add_node(
vec!["Person".to_string()],
HashMap::from([("name".to_string(), "Alice".into())]),
);
let pattern = Pattern::new().with_element(PatternElement::Node(
NodePattern::new().with_variable("n").with_label("Person"),
));
let match_clause = MatchClause::new(vec![pattern]);
let query = CypherQuery::new()
.with_clause(Clause::Match(match_clause))
.with_clause(Clause::Return(ReturnClause::new(vec![ReturnItem::new(
Expression::property("n", "name"),
)])));
let result = execute_cypher(&graph, &query, None);
assert!(result.is_ok());
}
}

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@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
// Simplified Cypher query support
pub mod ast;
pub mod executor;
pub mod parser;
pub use ast::*;
pub use executor::execute_cypher;
pub use parser::parse_cypher;
use super::storage::GraphStore;
use serde_json::Value as JsonValue;
/// Execute a Cypher query against a graph
///
/// # Arguments
/// * `graph` - The graph to query
/// * `query` - Cypher query string
/// * `params` - Query parameters as JSON
///
/// # Returns
/// Query results as JSON array
pub fn query(
graph: &GraphStore,
query: &str,
params: Option<JsonValue>,
) -> Result<JsonValue, String> {
let parsed = parse_cypher(query)?;
execute_cypher(graph, &parsed, params.as_ref())
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
use std::collections::HashMap;
#[test]
fn test_cypher_create() {
let graph = GraphStore::new();
let result = query(&graph, "CREATE (n:Person {name: 'Alice'}) RETURN n", None);
assert!(result.is_ok());
}
#[test]
fn test_cypher_match() {
let graph = GraphStore::new();
// Create a node first
graph.add_node(
vec!["Person".to_string()],
HashMap::from([("name".to_string(), "Alice".into())]),
);
let result = query(
&graph,
"MATCH (n:Person) WHERE n.name = 'Alice' RETURN n",
None,
);
assert!(result.is_ok());
}
}

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@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
// Simplified Cypher parser
// Note: This is a basic parser for demonstration. A production parser would use
// a proper parsing library like nom, pest, or lalrpop.
use super::ast::*;
use serde_json::Value as JsonValue;
use std::collections::HashMap;
/// Parse a Cypher query string
pub fn parse_cypher(query: &str) -> Result<CypherQuery, String> {
let query = query.trim();
// Very simple pattern matching for basic queries
// Production code should use a proper parser
if query.to_uppercase().starts_with("CREATE") {
parse_create(query)
} else if query.to_uppercase().starts_with("MATCH") {
parse_match(query)
} else {
Err(format!("Unsupported query type: {}", query))
}
}
fn parse_create(query: &str) -> Result<CypherQuery, String> {
// Pattern: CREATE (n:Label {prop: value}) RETURN n
let mut result = CypherQuery::new();
// Extract pattern between CREATE and RETURN/end
let create_part = if let Some(idx) = query.to_uppercase().find("RETURN") {
&query[6..idx].trim()
} else {
&query[6..].trim()
};
let pattern = parse_pattern(create_part)?;
result
.clauses
.push(Clause::Create(CreateClause::new(vec![pattern])));
// Check for RETURN clause
if let Some(idx) = query.to_uppercase().find("RETURN") {
let return_part = &query[idx + 6..].trim();
let return_clause = parse_return(return_part)?;
result.clauses.push(Clause::Return(return_clause));
}
Ok(result)
}
fn parse_match(query: &str) -> Result<CypherQuery, String> {
// Pattern: MATCH (n:Label) WHERE n.prop = value RETURN n
let mut result = CypherQuery::new();
// Extract MATCH pattern
let match_start = 5; // "MATCH".len()
let match_end = query
.to_uppercase()
.find("WHERE")
.or_else(|| query.to_uppercase().find("RETURN"))
.unwrap_or(query.len());
let match_part = &query[match_start..match_end].trim();
let pattern = parse_pattern(match_part)?;
result
.clauses
.push(Clause::Match(MatchClause::new(vec![pattern])));
// Check for WHERE clause
if let Some(where_idx) = query.to_uppercase().find("WHERE") {
let where_start = where_idx + 5; // "WHERE".len()
let where_end = query.to_uppercase().find("RETURN").unwrap_or(query.len());
let where_part = &query[where_start..where_end].trim();
let where_clause = parse_where(where_part)?;
result.clauses.push(Clause::Where(where_clause));
}
// Check for RETURN clause
if let Some(return_idx) = query.to_uppercase().find("RETURN") {
let return_part = &query[return_idx + 6..].trim();
let return_clause = parse_return(return_part)?;
result.clauses.push(Clause::Return(return_clause));
}
Ok(result)
}
fn parse_pattern(pattern_str: &str) -> Result<Pattern, String> {
let pattern_str = pattern_str.trim();
let mut pattern = Pattern::new();
// Simple parser for (n:Label {prop: value})-[:TYPE]->(m)
// This is very basic - production code needs proper parsing
if pattern_str.starts_with('(') {
// Node pattern
let end = pattern_str.find(')').ok_or("Unclosed node pattern")?;
let node_content = &pattern_str[1..end];
let node_pattern = parse_node_pattern(node_content)?;
pattern = pattern.with_element(PatternElement::Node(node_pattern));
// Check for relationship
let remaining = &pattern_str[end + 1..].trim();
if !remaining.is_empty() && remaining.starts_with('-') {
// Parse relationship
let (rel_pattern, rest) = parse_relationship_pattern(remaining)?;
pattern = pattern.with_element(PatternElement::Relationship(rel_pattern));
// Parse target node
if rest.starts_with('(') {
let end = rest.find(')').ok_or("Unclosed target node pattern")?;
let node_content = &rest[1..end];
let node_pattern = parse_node_pattern(node_content)?;
pattern = pattern.with_element(PatternElement::Node(node_pattern));
}
}
}
Ok(pattern)
}
fn parse_node_pattern(content: &str) -> Result<NodePattern, String> {
let content = content.trim();
let mut pattern = NodePattern::new();
if content.is_empty() {
return Ok(pattern);
}
// Parse: n:Label {prop: value}
let mut parts = content.splitn(2, '{');
let var_label = parts.next().unwrap_or("").trim();
// Parse variable and labels
if let Some((var, labels)) = var_label.split_once(':') {
let var = var.trim();
if !var.is_empty() {
pattern = pattern.with_variable(var);
}
let labels = labels.trim();
for label in labels.split(':') {
let label = label.trim();
if !label.is_empty() {
pattern = pattern.with_label(label);
}
}
} else if !var_label.is_empty() {
// Just a variable
pattern = pattern.with_variable(var_label);
}
// Parse properties
if let Some(props_str) = parts.next() {
let props_str = props_str.trim_end_matches('}').trim();
let properties = parse_properties(props_str)?;
for (key, value) in properties {
pattern = pattern.with_property(key, Expression::Literal(value));
}
}
Ok(pattern)
}
fn parse_relationship_pattern(content: &str) -> Result<(RelationshipPattern, &str), String> {
let content = content.trim();
// Determine direction
let (direction, start_idx) = if content.starts_with("<-") {
(Direction::Incoming, 2)
} else if content.starts_with("->") {
(Direction::Outgoing, 2)
} else if content.starts_with('-') {
(Direction::Both, 1)
} else {
return Err("Invalid relationship pattern".to_string());
};
let mut pattern = RelationshipPattern::new(direction);
// Find relationship end
let _end_markers = if direction == Direction::Incoming {
vec!["-", "-("]
} else {
vec!["->", "-"]
};
let mut rel_content = "";
let mut rest_start = start_idx;
// Parse relationship details if present
if content[start_idx..].starts_with('[') {
if let Some(end) = content[start_idx..].find(']') {
rel_content = &content[start_idx + 1..start_idx + end];
rest_start = start_idx + end + 1;
// Skip closing arrow
let rest = &content[rest_start..];
if rest.starts_with("->") {
rest_start += 2;
} else if rest.starts_with('-') {
rest_start += 1;
}
}
}
// Parse relationship content: r:TYPE {prop: value}
if !rel_content.is_empty() {
let mut parts = rel_content.splitn(2, '{');
let var_type = parts.next().unwrap_or("").trim();
if let Some((var, rel_type)) = var_type.split_once(':') {
let var = var.trim();
if !var.is_empty() {
pattern = pattern.with_variable(var);
}
let rel_type = rel_type.trim();
if !rel_type.is_empty() {
pattern = pattern.with_type(rel_type);
}
} else if !var_type.is_empty() {
// Could be variable or type
if var_type.chars().next().unwrap_or(' ').is_lowercase() {
pattern = pattern.with_variable(var_type);
} else {
pattern = pattern.with_type(var_type);
}
}
// Parse properties
if let Some(props_str) = parts.next() {
let props_str = props_str.trim_end_matches('}').trim();
let properties = parse_properties(props_str)?;
for (key, value) in properties {
pattern = pattern.with_property(key, Expression::Literal(value));
}
}
}
Ok((pattern, &content[rest_start..]))
}
fn parse_properties(props_str: &str) -> Result<HashMap<String, JsonValue>, String> {
let mut properties = HashMap::new();
if props_str.is_empty() {
return Ok(properties);
}
// Very simple property parser: key: value, key2: value2
// Production code should use proper JSON parsing
for pair in props_str.split(',') {
let pair = pair.trim();
if let Some((key, value)) = pair.split_once(':') {
let key = key.trim().trim_matches('\'').trim_matches('"');
let value = value.trim();
let json_value = if value.starts_with('\'') || value.starts_with('"') {
// String
JsonValue::String(value.trim_matches('\'').trim_matches('"').to_string())
} else if let Ok(num) = value.parse::<i64>() {
// Integer
JsonValue::Number(num.into())
} else if let Ok(num) = value.parse::<f64>() {
// Float
JsonValue::Number(serde_json::Number::from_f64(num).ok_or("Invalid number")?)
} else if value == "true" || value == "false" {
// Boolean
JsonValue::Bool(value == "true")
} else {
// Default to string
JsonValue::String(value.to_string())
};
properties.insert(key.to_string(), json_value);
}
}
Ok(properties)
}
fn parse_where(where_str: &str) -> Result<WhereClause, String> {
// Simple WHERE parser: n.prop = value
let where_str = where_str.trim();
// Parse simple equality
if let Some((left, right)) = where_str.split_once('=') {
let left = left.trim();
let right = right.trim();
let left_expr = if let Some((var, prop)) = left.split_once('.') {
Expression::Property(var.trim().to_string(), prop.trim().to_string())
} else {
Expression::Variable(left.to_string())
};
let right_expr = if right.starts_with('\'') || right.starts_with('"') {
Expression::Literal(JsonValue::String(
right.trim_matches('\'').trim_matches('"').to_string(),
))
} else if let Ok(num) = right.parse::<i64>() {
Expression::Literal(JsonValue::Number(num.into()))
} else {
Expression::Variable(right.to_string())
};
Ok(WhereClause::new(Expression::BinaryOp(
Box::new(left_expr),
BinaryOperator::Eq,
Box::new(right_expr),
)))
} else {
Err("Unsupported WHERE clause format".to_string())
}
}
fn parse_return(return_str: &str) -> Result<ReturnClause, String> {
let return_str = return_str.trim();
let mut items = Vec::new();
// Parse return items (comma-separated)
for item_str in return_str.split(',') {
let item_str = item_str.trim();
// Check for alias: expr AS alias
if let Some((expr_str, alias)) = item_str.split_once(" AS ") {
let expr = parse_return_expression(expr_str.trim())?;
items.push(ReturnItem::new(expr).with_alias(alias.trim()));
} else {
let expr = parse_return_expression(item_str)?;
items.push(ReturnItem::new(expr));
}
}
Ok(ReturnClause::new(items))
}
fn parse_return_expression(expr_str: &str) -> Result<Expression, String> {
let expr_str = expr_str.trim();
// Check for property access
if let Some((var, prop)) = expr_str.split_once('.') {
Ok(Expression::Property(
var.trim().to_string(),
prop.trim().to_string(),
))
} else {
Ok(Expression::Variable(expr_str.to_string()))
}
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
fn test_parse_create() {
let query = "CREATE (n:Person {name: 'Alice', age: 30}) RETURN n";
let result = parse_cypher(query);
assert!(result.is_ok());
let parsed = result.unwrap();
assert_eq!(parsed.clauses.len(), 2);
}
#[test]
fn test_parse_match() {
let query = "MATCH (n:Person) WHERE n.name = 'Alice' RETURN n";
let result = parse_cypher(query);
assert!(result.is_ok());
let parsed = result.unwrap();
assert_eq!(parsed.clauses.len(), 3);
}
#[test]
fn test_parse_pattern_with_relationship() {
let pattern_str = "(a:Person)-[:KNOWS]->(b:Person)";
let result = parse_pattern(pattern_str);
assert!(result.is_ok());
let pattern = result.unwrap();
assert_eq!(pattern.elements.len(), 3); // node, rel, node
}
#[test]
fn test_parse_properties() {
let props = "name: 'Alice', age: 30, active: true";
let result = parse_properties(props);
assert!(result.is_ok());
let properties = result.unwrap();
assert_eq!(properties.len(), 3);
assert_eq!(properties.get("name").unwrap().as_str().unwrap(), "Alice");
assert_eq!(properties.get("age").unwrap().as_i64().unwrap(), 30);
assert_eq!(properties.get("active").unwrap().as_bool().unwrap(), true);
}
}

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// Graph operations module for ruvector-postgres
//
// Provides graph storage, traversal, Cypher query support, and SPARQL (W3C standard)
pub mod cypher;
pub mod operators;
pub mod sparql;
pub mod storage;
pub mod traversal;
pub use cypher::{execute_cypher, CypherQuery};
pub use storage::{Edge, EdgeStore, GraphStore, Node, NodeStore};
pub use traversal::{bfs, dfs, shortest_path_dijkstra, PathResult};
use dashmap::DashMap;
use std::sync::Arc;
/// Global graph storage registry
static GRAPH_REGISTRY: once_cell::sync::Lazy<DashMap<String, Arc<GraphStore>>> =
once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| DashMap::new());
/// Get or create a graph by name
pub fn get_or_create_graph(name: &str) -> Arc<GraphStore> {
GRAPH_REGISTRY
.entry(name.to_string())
.or_insert_with(|| Arc::new(GraphStore::new()))
.clone()
}
/// Get an existing graph by name
pub fn get_graph(name: &str) -> Option<Arc<GraphStore>> {
GRAPH_REGISTRY.get(name).map(|g| g.clone())
}
/// Delete a graph by name
pub fn delete_graph(name: &str) -> bool {
GRAPH_REGISTRY.remove(name).is_some()
}
/// List all graph names
pub fn list_graphs() -> Vec<String> {
GRAPH_REGISTRY.iter().map(|e| e.key().clone()).collect()
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
fn test_graph_registry() {
let graph1 = get_or_create_graph("test_graph");
let graph2 = get_graph("test_graph");
assert!(graph2.is_some());
assert!(Arc::ptr_eq(&graph1, &graph2.unwrap()));
let graphs = list_graphs();
assert!(graphs.contains(&"test_graph".to_string()));
assert!(delete_graph("test_graph"));
assert!(get_graph("test_graph").is_none());
}
}

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// SPARQL Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) types
//
// Provides type-safe representation of SPARQL 1.1 queries following
// the W3C specification: https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
use std::collections::HashMap;
/// Complete SPARQL query or update
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct SparqlQuery {
/// Base IRI for relative IRI resolution
pub base: Option<Iri>,
/// PREFIX declarations
pub prefixes: HashMap<String, Iri>,
/// The query form (SELECT, CONSTRUCT, ASK, DESCRIBE) or update operation
pub body: QueryBody,
}
impl SparqlQuery {
pub fn new(body: QueryBody) -> Self {
Self {
base: None,
prefixes: HashMap::new(),
body,
}
}
pub fn with_base(mut self, base: Iri) -> Self {
self.base = Some(base);
self
}
pub fn with_prefix(mut self, prefix: impl Into<String>, iri: Iri) -> Self {
self.prefixes.insert(prefix.into(), iri);
self
}
}
impl Default for SparqlQuery {
fn default() -> Self {
Self::new(QueryBody::Select(SelectQuery::default()))
}
}
/// Query body - either a query form or update operation
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub enum QueryBody {
Select(SelectQuery),
Construct(ConstructQuery),
Ask(AskQuery),
Describe(DescribeQuery),
Update(Vec<UpdateOperation>),
}
/// Query form type
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub enum QueryForm {
Select,
Construct,
Ask,
Describe,
}
/// SELECT query
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct SelectQuery {
/// Result variables or expressions
pub projection: Projection,
/// Dataset clauses (FROM, FROM NAMED)
pub dataset: Vec<DatasetClause>,
/// WHERE clause graph pattern
pub where_clause: GraphPattern,
/// Solution modifiers
pub modifier: SolutionModifier,
/// VALUES clause for inline data
pub values: Option<ValuesClause>,
}
impl Default for SelectQuery {
fn default() -> Self {
Self {
projection: Projection::All,
dataset: Vec::new(),
where_clause: GraphPattern::Empty,
modifier: SolutionModifier::default(),
values: None,
}
}
}
/// Projection in SELECT clause
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub enum Projection {
/// SELECT * - all variables
All,
/// SELECT DISTINCT ...
Distinct(Vec<ProjectionVar>),
/// SELECT REDUCED ...
Reduced(Vec<ProjectionVar>),
/// SELECT var1 var2 ...
Variables(Vec<ProjectionVar>),
}
/// Variable or expression in projection
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct ProjectionVar {
pub expression: Expression,
pub alias: Option<String>,
}
impl ProjectionVar {
pub fn variable(name: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
Self {
expression: Expression::Variable(name.into()),
alias: None,
}
}
pub fn expr_as(expr: Expression, alias: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
Self {
expression: expr,
alias: Some(alias.into()),
}
}
}
/// CONSTRUCT query
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct ConstructQuery {
/// Template for constructing triples
pub template: Vec<TriplePattern>,
/// Dataset clauses
pub dataset: Vec<DatasetClause>,
/// WHERE clause
pub where_clause: GraphPattern,
/// Solution modifiers
pub modifier: SolutionModifier,
}
impl Default for ConstructQuery {
fn default() -> Self {
Self {
template: Vec::new(),
dataset: Vec::new(),
where_clause: GraphPattern::Empty,
modifier: SolutionModifier::default(),
}
}
}
/// ASK query
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct AskQuery {
/// Dataset clauses
pub dataset: Vec<DatasetClause>,
/// WHERE clause
pub where_clause: GraphPattern,
}
impl Default for AskQuery {
fn default() -> Self {
Self {
dataset: Vec::new(),
where_clause: GraphPattern::Empty,
}
}
}
/// DESCRIBE query
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct DescribeQuery {
/// Resources to describe
pub resources: Vec<VarOrIri>,
/// Dataset clauses
pub dataset: Vec<DatasetClause>,
/// Optional WHERE clause
pub where_clause: Option<GraphPattern>,
}
impl Default for DescribeQuery {
fn default() -> Self {
Self {
resources: Vec::new(),
dataset: Vec::new(),
where_clause: None,
}
}
}
/// Dataset clause (FROM / FROM NAMED)
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct DatasetClause {
pub iri: Iri,
pub named: bool,
}
/// VALUES clause for inline data
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct ValuesClause {
pub variables: Vec<String>,
pub bindings: Vec<Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>>,
}
/// Graph pattern - the WHERE clause body
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub enum GraphPattern {
/// Empty pattern
Empty,
/// Basic Graph Pattern - set of triple patterns
Bgp(Vec<TriplePattern>),
/// Join of patterns (implicit AND)
Join(Box<GraphPattern>, Box<GraphPattern>),
/// Left outer join (OPTIONAL)
LeftJoin(Box<GraphPattern>, Box<GraphPattern>, Option<Expression>),
/// Union of patterns (UNION)
Union(Box<GraphPattern>, Box<GraphPattern>),
/// Filter (FILTER)
Filter(Box<GraphPattern>, Expression),
/// Named graph (GRAPH)
Graph(VarOrIri, Box<GraphPattern>),
/// Service (FEDERATED query)
Service(Iri, Box<GraphPattern>, bool),
/// MINUS pattern
Minus(Box<GraphPattern>, Box<GraphPattern>),
/// EXISTS or NOT EXISTS
Exists(Box<GraphPattern>, bool),
/// BIND assignment
Bind(Expression, String, Box<GraphPattern>),
/// GROUP BY aggregation
Group(
Box<GraphPattern>,
Vec<GroupCondition>,
Vec<(Aggregate, String)>,
),
/// Subquery
SubSelect(Box<SelectQuery>),
/// VALUES inline data
Values(ValuesClause),
}
/// Triple pattern
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct TriplePattern {
pub subject: TermOrVariable,
pub predicate: PropertyPath,
pub object: TermOrVariable,
}
impl TriplePattern {
pub fn new(subject: TermOrVariable, predicate: PropertyPath, object: TermOrVariable) -> Self {
Self {
subject,
predicate,
object,
}
}
/// Simple triple pattern with IRI predicate
pub fn simple(subject: TermOrVariable, predicate: Iri, object: TermOrVariable) -> Self {
Self {
subject,
predicate: PropertyPath::Iri(predicate),
object,
}
}
}
/// Term or variable in triple pattern
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub enum TermOrVariable {
Term(RdfTerm),
Variable(String),
BlankNode(String),
}
impl TermOrVariable {
pub fn var(name: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
Self::Variable(name.into())
}
pub fn iri(iri: Iri) -> Self {
Self::Term(RdfTerm::Iri(iri))
}
pub fn literal(value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
Self::Term(RdfTerm::Literal(Literal::simple(value)))
}
pub fn blank(id: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
Self::BlankNode(id.into())
}
}
/// Variable or IRI
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub enum VarOrIri {
Variable(String),
Iri(Iri),
}
/// Property path expression
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub enum PropertyPath {
/// Simple IRI predicate
Iri(Iri),
/// Variable predicate
Variable(String),
/// Inverse path (^path)
Inverse(Box<PropertyPath>),
/// Sequence path (path1/path2)
Sequence(Box<PropertyPath>, Box<PropertyPath>),
/// Alternative path (path1|path2)
Alternative(Box<PropertyPath>, Box<PropertyPath>),
/// Zero or more (*path)
ZeroOrMore(Box<PropertyPath>),
/// One or more (+path)
OneOrMore(Box<PropertyPath>),
/// Zero or one (?path)
ZeroOrOne(Box<PropertyPath>),
/// Negated property set (!(path1|path2))
NegatedPropertySet(Vec<Iri>),
/// Fixed length path {n}
FixedLength(Box<PropertyPath>, usize),
/// Range length path {n,m}
RangeLength(Box<PropertyPath>, usize, Option<usize>),
}
/// RDF term
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub enum RdfTerm {
/// IRI reference
Iri(Iri),
/// Literal value
Literal(Literal),
/// Blank node
BlankNode(String),
}
impl RdfTerm {
pub fn iri(value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
Self::Iri(Iri::new(value))
}
pub fn literal(value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
Self::Literal(Literal::simple(value))
}
pub fn typed_literal(value: impl Into<String>, datatype: Iri) -> Self {
Self::Literal(Literal::typed(value, datatype))
}
pub fn lang_literal(value: impl Into<String>, lang: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
Self::Literal(Literal::language(value, lang))
}
pub fn blank(id: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
Self::BlankNode(id.into())
}
/// Check if this is an IRI
pub fn is_iri(&self) -> bool {
matches!(self, Self::Iri(_))
}
/// Check if this is a literal
pub fn is_literal(&self) -> bool {
matches!(self, Self::Literal(_))
}
/// Check if this is a blank node
pub fn is_blank_node(&self) -> bool {
matches!(self, Self::BlankNode(_))
}
}
/// IRI (Internationalized Resource Identifier)
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct Iri(pub String);
impl Iri {
pub fn new(value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
Self(value.into())
}
pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
&self.0
}
/// Common RDF namespace IRIs
pub fn rdf_type() -> Self {
Self::new("http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type")
}
pub fn rdfs_label() -> Self {
Self::new("http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label")
}
pub fn rdfs_comment() -> Self {
Self::new("http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment")
}
pub fn xsd_string() -> Self {
Self::new("http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string")
}
pub fn xsd_integer() -> Self {
Self::new("http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer")
}
pub fn xsd_decimal() -> Self {
Self::new("http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#decimal")
}
pub fn xsd_double() -> Self {
Self::new("http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#double")
}
pub fn xsd_boolean() -> Self {
Self::new("http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#boolean")
}
pub fn xsd_date() -> Self {
Self::new("http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date")
}
pub fn xsd_datetime() -> Self {
Self::new("http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime")
}
}
/// RDF Literal
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct Literal {
/// Lexical form (string value)
pub value: String,
/// Optional language tag
pub language: Option<String>,
/// Datatype IRI (defaults to xsd:string)
pub datatype: Iri,
}
impl Literal {
/// Simple string literal
pub fn simple(value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
Self {
value: value.into(),
language: None,
datatype: Iri::xsd_string(),
}
}
/// Typed literal
pub fn typed(value: impl Into<String>, datatype: Iri) -> Self {
Self {
value: value.into(),
language: None,
datatype,
}
}
/// Language-tagged literal
pub fn language(value: impl Into<String>, lang: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
Self {
value: value.into(),
language: Some(lang.into()),
datatype: Iri::new("http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#langString"),
}
}
/// Integer literal
pub fn integer(value: i64) -> Self {
Self::typed(value.to_string(), Iri::xsd_integer())
}
/// Decimal literal
pub fn decimal(value: f64) -> Self {
Self::typed(value.to_string(), Iri::xsd_decimal())
}
/// Double literal
pub fn double(value: f64) -> Self {
Self::typed(value.to_string(), Iri::xsd_double())
}
/// Boolean literal
pub fn boolean(value: bool) -> Self {
Self::typed(if value { "true" } else { "false" }, Iri::xsd_boolean())
}
/// Try to parse as integer
pub fn as_integer(&self) -> Option<i64> {
self.value.parse().ok()
}
/// Try to parse as double
pub fn as_double(&self) -> Option<f64> {
self.value.parse().ok()
}
/// Try to parse as boolean
pub fn as_boolean(&self) -> Option<bool> {
match self.value.as_str() {
"true" | "1" => Some(true),
"false" | "0" => Some(false),
_ => None,
}
}
}
/// SPARQL expression
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub enum Expression {
/// Variable reference
Variable(String),
/// Constant term
Term(RdfTerm),
/// Binary operation
Binary(Box<Expression>, BinaryOp, Box<Expression>),
/// Unary operation
Unary(UnaryOp, Box<Expression>),
/// Function call
Function(FunctionCall),
/// Aggregate function
Aggregate(Aggregate),
/// IN expression
In(Box<Expression>, Vec<Expression>),
/// NOT IN expression
NotIn(Box<Expression>, Vec<Expression>),
/// EXISTS subquery
Exists(Box<GraphPattern>),
/// NOT EXISTS subquery
NotExists(Box<GraphPattern>),
/// Conditional (IF)
If(Box<Expression>, Box<Expression>, Box<Expression>),
/// COALESCE
Coalesce(Vec<Expression>),
/// BOUND test
Bound(String),
/// isIRI test
IsIri(Box<Expression>),
/// isBlank test
IsBlank(Box<Expression>),
/// isLiteral test
IsLiteral(Box<Expression>),
/// isNumeric test
IsNumeric(Box<Expression>),
/// REGEX pattern matching
Regex(Box<Expression>, Box<Expression>, Option<Box<Expression>>),
/// LANG function
Lang(Box<Expression>),
/// DATATYPE function
Datatype(Box<Expression>),
/// STR function
Str(Box<Expression>),
/// IRI constructor
Iri(Box<Expression>),
}
impl Expression {
pub fn var(name: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
Self::Variable(name.into())
}
pub fn term(t: RdfTerm) -> Self {
Self::Term(t)
}
pub fn literal(value: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
Self::Term(RdfTerm::literal(value))
}
pub fn integer(value: i64) -> Self {
Self::Term(RdfTerm::Literal(Literal::integer(value)))
}
pub fn binary(left: Expression, op: BinaryOp, right: Expression) -> Self {
Self::Binary(Box::new(left), op, Box::new(right))
}
pub fn unary(op: UnaryOp, expr: Expression) -> Self {
Self::Unary(op, Box::new(expr))
}
pub fn and(left: Expression, right: Expression) -> Self {
Self::binary(left, BinaryOp::And, right)
}
pub fn or(left: Expression, right: Expression) -> Self {
Self::binary(left, BinaryOp::Or, right)
}
pub fn eq(left: Expression, right: Expression) -> Self {
Self::binary(left, BinaryOp::Eq, right)
}
pub fn neq(left: Expression, right: Expression) -> Self {
Self::binary(left, BinaryOp::NotEq, right)
}
pub fn lt(left: Expression, right: Expression) -> Self {
Self::binary(left, BinaryOp::Lt, right)
}
pub fn gt(left: Expression, right: Expression) -> Self {
Self::binary(left, BinaryOp::Gt, right)
}
}
/// Binary operators
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub enum BinaryOp {
// Logical
And,
Or,
// Comparison
Eq,
NotEq,
Lt,
LtEq,
Gt,
GtEq,
// Arithmetic
Add,
Sub,
Mul,
Div,
// String
SameTerm,
LangMatches,
}
/// Unary operators
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub enum UnaryOp {
Not,
Plus,
Minus,
}
/// Function call
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct FunctionCall {
pub name: String,
pub args: Vec<Expression>,
}
impl FunctionCall {
pub fn new(name: impl Into<String>, args: Vec<Expression>) -> Self {
Self {
name: name.into(),
args,
}
}
}
/// Aggregate function
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub enum Aggregate {
Count {
expr: Option<Box<Expression>>,
distinct: bool,
},
Sum {
expr: Box<Expression>,
distinct: bool,
},
Avg {
expr: Box<Expression>,
distinct: bool,
},
Min {
expr: Box<Expression>,
},
Max {
expr: Box<Expression>,
},
GroupConcat {
expr: Box<Expression>,
separator: Option<String>,
distinct: bool,
},
Sample {
expr: Box<Expression>,
},
}
/// Filter expression
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct Filter {
pub expression: Expression,
}
impl Filter {
pub fn new(expression: Expression) -> Self {
Self { expression }
}
}
/// Solution modifier
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct SolutionModifier {
pub order_by: Vec<OrderCondition>,
pub limit: Option<usize>,
pub offset: Option<usize>,
pub having: Option<Expression>,
}
impl SolutionModifier {
pub fn with_limit(mut self, limit: usize) -> Self {
self.limit = Some(limit);
self
}
pub fn with_offset(mut self, offset: usize) -> Self {
self.offset = Some(offset);
self
}
pub fn with_order(mut self, conditions: Vec<OrderCondition>) -> Self {
self.order_by = conditions;
self
}
pub fn with_having(mut self, expr: Expression) -> Self {
self.having = Some(expr);
self
}
}
/// ORDER BY condition
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct OrderCondition {
pub expression: Expression,
pub ascending: bool,
}
impl OrderCondition {
pub fn asc(expr: Expression) -> Self {
Self {
expression: expr,
ascending: true,
}
}
pub fn desc(expr: Expression) -> Self {
Self {
expression: expr,
ascending: false,
}
}
}
/// GROUP BY condition
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub enum GroupCondition {
Variable(String),
Expression(Expression, Option<String>),
}
// ============================================================================
// SPARQL Update Operations
// ============================================================================
/// SPARQL Update operation
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub enum UpdateOperation {
/// INSERT DATA { triples }
InsertData(InsertData),
/// DELETE DATA { triples }
DeleteData(DeleteData),
/// DELETE { pattern } INSERT { pattern } WHERE { pattern }
Modify(Modify),
/// LOAD <iri> INTO GRAPH <iri>
Load {
source: Iri,
destination: Option<Iri>,
silent: bool,
},
/// CLEAR GRAPH <iri>
Clear { target: GraphTarget, silent: bool },
/// CREATE GRAPH <iri>
Create { graph: Iri, silent: bool },
/// DROP GRAPH <iri>
Drop { target: GraphTarget, silent: bool },
/// COPY source TO destination
Copy {
source: GraphTarget,
destination: GraphTarget,
silent: bool,
},
/// MOVE source TO destination
Move {
source: GraphTarget,
destination: GraphTarget,
silent: bool,
},
/// ADD source TO destination
Add {
source: GraphTarget,
destination: GraphTarget,
silent: bool,
},
}
/// INSERT DATA operation
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct InsertData {
pub quads: Vec<Quad>,
}
/// DELETE DATA operation
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct DeleteData {
pub quads: Vec<Quad>,
}
/// DELETE/INSERT with WHERE
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct Modify {
pub with_graph: Option<Iri>,
pub delete_pattern: Option<Vec<QuadPattern>>,
pub insert_pattern: Option<Vec<QuadPattern>>,
pub using: Vec<DatasetClause>,
pub where_pattern: GraphPattern,
}
/// Quad (triple with optional graph)
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct Quad {
pub subject: RdfTerm,
pub predicate: Iri,
pub object: RdfTerm,
pub graph: Option<Iri>,
}
/// Quad pattern (for DELETE/INSERT templates)
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct QuadPattern {
pub subject: TermOrVariable,
pub predicate: VarOrIri,
pub object: TermOrVariable,
pub graph: Option<VarOrIri>,
}
/// Graph target for management operations
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub enum GraphTarget {
Default,
Named(Iri),
All,
AllNamed,
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
fn test_rdf_term_creation() {
let iri = RdfTerm::iri("http://example.org/resource");
assert!(iri.is_iri());
let lit = RdfTerm::literal("hello");
assert!(lit.is_literal());
let blank = RdfTerm::blank("b0");
assert!(blank.is_blank_node());
}
#[test]
fn test_literal_parsing() {
let int_lit = Literal::integer(42);
assert_eq!(int_lit.as_integer(), Some(42));
let double_lit = Literal::double(3.14);
assert!((double_lit.as_double().unwrap() - 3.14).abs() < 0.001);
let bool_lit = Literal::boolean(true);
assert_eq!(bool_lit.as_boolean(), Some(true));
}
#[test]
fn test_expression_builder() {
let expr = Expression::and(
Expression::eq(Expression::var("x"), Expression::integer(10)),
Expression::gt(Expression::var("y"), Expression::integer(5)),
);
match expr {
Expression::Binary(_, BinaryOp::And, _) => (),
_ => panic!("Expected AND expression"),
}
}
#[test]
fn test_triple_pattern() {
let pattern = TriplePattern::simple(
TermOrVariable::var("s"),
Iri::rdf_type(),
TermOrVariable::iri(Iri::new("http://example.org/Person")),
);
assert!(matches!(pattern.subject, TermOrVariable::Variable(_)));
assert!(matches!(pattern.predicate, PropertyPath::Iri(_)));
}
}

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// SPARQL Built-in Functions
//
// Implementation of SPARQL 1.1 built-in functions:
// https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/#SparqlOps
use super::ast::{Iri, Literal, RdfTerm};
use super::{SparqlError, SparqlResult};
use std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher;
use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
/// Evaluate a SPARQL function call
pub fn evaluate_function(name: &str, args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
let name_upper = name.to_uppercase();
match name_upper.as_str() {
// String functions
"STRLEN" => fn_strlen(args),
"SUBSTR" | "SUBSTRING" => fn_substr(args),
"UCASE" => fn_ucase(args),
"LCASE" => fn_lcase(args),
"STRSTARTS" => fn_strstarts(args),
"STRENDS" => fn_strends(args),
"CONTAINS" => fn_contains(args),
"STRBEFORE" => fn_strbefore(args),
"STRAFTER" => fn_strafter(args),
"ENCODE_FOR_URI" => fn_encode_for_uri(args),
"CONCAT" => fn_concat(args),
"REPLACE" => fn_replace(args),
// Numeric functions
"ABS" => fn_abs(args),
"ROUND" => fn_round(args),
"CEIL" => fn_ceil(args),
"FLOOR" => fn_floor(args),
"RAND" => fn_rand(args),
// Date/time functions
"NOW" => fn_now(args),
"YEAR" => fn_year(args),
"MONTH" => fn_month(args),
"DAY" => fn_day(args),
"HOURS" => fn_hours(args),
"MINUTES" => fn_minutes(args),
"SECONDS" => fn_seconds(args),
"TIMEZONE" => fn_timezone(args),
"TZ" => fn_tz(args),
// Hash functions
"MD5" => fn_hash(args, "md5"),
"SHA1" => fn_hash(args, "sha1"),
"SHA256" => fn_hash(args, "sha256"),
"SHA384" => fn_hash(args, "sha384"),
"SHA512" => fn_hash(args, "sha512"),
// Constructor functions
"STRUUID" => fn_struuid(args),
"UUID" => fn_uuid(args),
"BNODE" => fn_bnode(args),
"STRDT" => fn_strdt(args),
"STRLANG" => fn_strlang(args),
// Type conversion
"STR" => fn_str(args),
// RuVector extensions
"RUVECTOR_SIMILARITY" => fn_vector_similarity(args),
"RUVECTOR_DISTANCE" => fn_vector_distance(args),
_ => Err(SparqlError::UnsupportedOperation(format!(
"Unknown function: {}",
name
))),
}
}
// ============================================================================
// String Functions
// ============================================================================
fn fn_strlen(args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
let s = get_string_arg(&args, 0)?;
Ok(Some(RdfTerm::Literal(Literal::integer(s.len() as i64))))
}
fn fn_substr(args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
let s = get_string_arg(&args, 0)?;
let start = get_integer_arg(&args, 1)? as usize;
let length = args
.get(2)
.and_then(|a| a.as_ref())
.and_then(|t| term_to_integer(t))
.map(|n| n as usize);
// SPARQL uses 1-based indexing
let start_idx = start.saturating_sub(1);
let result: String = if let Some(len) = length {
s.chars().skip(start_idx).take(len).collect()
} else {
s.chars().skip(start_idx).collect()
};
Ok(Some(RdfTerm::literal(result)))
}
fn fn_ucase(args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
let s = get_string_arg(&args, 0)?;
Ok(Some(RdfTerm::literal(s.to_uppercase())))
}
fn fn_lcase(args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
let s = get_string_arg(&args, 0)?;
Ok(Some(RdfTerm::literal(s.to_lowercase())))
}
fn fn_strstarts(args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
let s = get_string_arg(&args, 0)?;
let prefix = get_string_arg(&args, 1)?;
Ok(Some(RdfTerm::Literal(Literal::boolean(
s.starts_with(&prefix),
))))
}
fn fn_strends(args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
let s = get_string_arg(&args, 0)?;
let suffix = get_string_arg(&args, 1)?;
Ok(Some(RdfTerm::Literal(Literal::boolean(
s.ends_with(&suffix),
))))
}
fn fn_contains(args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
let s = get_string_arg(&args, 0)?;
let pattern = get_string_arg(&args, 1)?;
Ok(Some(RdfTerm::Literal(Literal::boolean(
s.contains(&pattern),
))))
}
fn fn_strbefore(args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
let s = get_string_arg(&args, 0)?;
let pattern = get_string_arg(&args, 1)?;
let result = if pattern.is_empty() {
String::new()
} else if let Some(idx) = s.find(&pattern) {
s[..idx].to_string()
} else {
String::new()
};
Ok(Some(RdfTerm::literal(result)))
}
fn fn_strafter(args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
let s = get_string_arg(&args, 0)?;
let pattern = get_string_arg(&args, 1)?;
let result = if pattern.is_empty() {
s
} else if let Some(idx) = s.find(&pattern) {
s[idx + pattern.len()..].to_string()
} else {
String::new()
};
Ok(Some(RdfTerm::literal(result)))
}
fn fn_encode_for_uri(args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
let s = get_string_arg(&args, 0)?;
let encoded: String = s
.chars()
.map(|c| {
if c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || "-_.~".contains(c) {
c.to_string()
} else {
format!("%{:02X}", c as u32)
}
})
.collect();
Ok(Some(RdfTerm::literal(encoded)))
}
fn fn_concat(args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
let mut result = String::new();
for arg in args {
if let Some(term) = arg {
result.push_str(&term_to_string(&term));
}
}
Ok(Some(RdfTerm::literal(result)))
}
fn fn_replace(args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
let s = get_string_arg(&args, 0)?;
let pattern = get_string_arg(&args, 1)?;
let replacement = get_string_arg(&args, 2)?;
// Note: Full regex support would require the regex crate
let result = s.replace(&pattern, &replacement);
Ok(Some(RdfTerm::literal(result)))
}
// ============================================================================
// Numeric Functions
// ============================================================================
fn fn_abs(args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
let n = get_number_arg(&args, 0)?;
Ok(Some(RdfTerm::Literal(Literal::decimal(n.abs()))))
}
fn fn_round(args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
let n = get_number_arg(&args, 0)?;
Ok(Some(RdfTerm::Literal(Literal::decimal(n.round()))))
}
fn fn_ceil(args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
let n = get_number_arg(&args, 0)?;
Ok(Some(RdfTerm::Literal(Literal::decimal(n.ceil()))))
}
fn fn_floor(args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
let n = get_number_arg(&args, 0)?;
Ok(Some(RdfTerm::Literal(Literal::decimal(n.floor()))))
}
fn fn_rand(_args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
// Simple pseudo-random using hash of current time
use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
let nanos = SystemTime::now()
.duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
.map(|d| d.as_nanos())
.unwrap_or(0);
let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
nanos.hash(&mut hasher);
let hash = hasher.finish();
let random = (hash as f64) / (u64::MAX as f64);
Ok(Some(RdfTerm::Literal(Literal::double(random))))
}
// ============================================================================
// Date/Time Functions
// ============================================================================
fn fn_now(_args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
let duration = SystemTime::now()
.duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
.map_err(|e| SparqlError::ExecutionError(e.to_string()))?;
let secs = duration.as_secs();
// Simple ISO 8601 format
let datetime = format!("{}Z", secs);
Ok(Some(RdfTerm::typed_literal(datetime, Iri::xsd_datetime())))
}
fn fn_year(args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
let dt = get_string_arg(&args, 0)?;
// Simple parsing - expects YYYY-MM-DD or YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS format
if dt.len() >= 4 {
if let Ok(year) = dt[..4].parse::<i64>() {
return Ok(Some(RdfTerm::Literal(Literal::integer(year))));
}
}
Ok(None)
}
fn fn_month(args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
let dt = get_string_arg(&args, 0)?;
if dt.len() >= 7 && dt.chars().nth(4) == Some('-') {
if let Ok(month) = dt[5..7].parse::<i64>() {
return Ok(Some(RdfTerm::Literal(Literal::integer(month))));
}
}
Ok(None)
}
fn fn_day(args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
let dt = get_string_arg(&args, 0)?;
if dt.len() >= 10 && dt.chars().nth(7) == Some('-') {
if let Ok(day) = dt[8..10].parse::<i64>() {
return Ok(Some(RdfTerm::Literal(Literal::integer(day))));
}
}
Ok(None)
}
fn fn_hours(args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
let dt = get_string_arg(&args, 0)?;
if let Some(t_pos) = dt.find('T') {
if dt.len() >= t_pos + 3 {
if let Ok(hours) = dt[t_pos + 1..t_pos + 3].parse::<i64>() {
return Ok(Some(RdfTerm::Literal(Literal::integer(hours))));
}
}
}
Ok(None)
}
fn fn_minutes(args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
let dt = get_string_arg(&args, 0)?;
if let Some(t_pos) = dt.find('T') {
if dt.len() >= t_pos + 6 {
if let Ok(minutes) = dt[t_pos + 4..t_pos + 6].parse::<i64>() {
return Ok(Some(RdfTerm::Literal(Literal::integer(minutes))));
}
}
}
Ok(None)
}
fn fn_seconds(args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
let dt = get_string_arg(&args, 0)?;
if let Some(t_pos) = dt.find('T') {
if dt.len() >= t_pos + 9 {
// Handle both integer and decimal seconds
let sec_str = &dt[t_pos + 7..];
let end_pos = sec_str
.find(|c: char| !c.is_ascii_digit() && c != '.')
.unwrap_or(sec_str.len());
if let Ok(seconds) = sec_str[..end_pos].parse::<f64>() {
return Ok(Some(RdfTerm::Literal(Literal::decimal(seconds))));
}
}
}
Ok(None)
}
fn fn_timezone(args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
let dt = get_string_arg(&args, 0)?;
// Look for timezone at end
if dt.ends_with('Z') {
return Ok(Some(RdfTerm::literal("PT0S")));
}
// Look for +/-HH:MM
if let Some(tz_pos) = dt.rfind('+').or_else(|| dt.rfind('-')) {
if tz_pos > 10 {
// After date part
let tz = &dt[tz_pos..];
if tz.len() >= 6 {
let sign = if tz.starts_with('-') { "-" } else { "" };
let hours: i64 = tz[1..3].parse().unwrap_or(0);
let minutes: i64 = tz[4..6].parse().unwrap_or(0);
let duration = format!("{}PT{}H{}M", sign, hours, minutes);
return Ok(Some(RdfTerm::literal(duration)));
}
}
}
Ok(None)
}
fn fn_tz(args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
let dt = get_string_arg(&args, 0)?;
if dt.ends_with('Z') {
return Ok(Some(RdfTerm::literal("Z")));
}
if let Some(tz_pos) = dt.rfind('+').or_else(|| dt.rfind('-')) {
if tz_pos > 10 {
return Ok(Some(RdfTerm::literal(&dt[tz_pos..])));
}
}
Ok(Some(RdfTerm::literal("")))
}
// ============================================================================
// Hash Functions
// ============================================================================
fn fn_hash(args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>, algorithm: &str) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
let s = get_string_arg(&args, 0)?;
// Simple hash implementation using Rust's hasher
// In production, use proper crypto hashes
let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
s.hash(&mut hasher);
algorithm.hash(&mut hasher);
let hash = hasher.finish();
// Format as hex string
let hex = format!("{:016x}", hash);
Ok(Some(RdfTerm::literal(hex)))
}
// ============================================================================
// Constructor Functions
// ============================================================================
fn fn_struuid(_args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
// Generate UUID-like string
use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
let nanos = SystemTime::now()
.duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
.map(|d| d.as_nanos())
.unwrap_or(0);
let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
nanos.hash(&mut hasher);
let hash1 = hasher.finish();
hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
(nanos + 1).hash(&mut hasher);
let hash2 = hasher.finish();
let uuid = format!(
"{:08x}-{:04x}-4{:03x}-{:04x}-{:012x}",
(hash1 >> 32) as u32,
(hash1 >> 16) as u16,
(hash1 as u16) & 0x0FFF,
((hash2 >> 48) as u16 & 0x3FFF) | 0x8000,
hash2 & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFF
);
Ok(Some(RdfTerm::literal(uuid)))
}
fn fn_uuid(_args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
let struuid = fn_struuid(vec![])?;
if let Some(RdfTerm::Literal(lit)) = struuid {
Ok(Some(RdfTerm::Iri(Iri::new(format!(
"urn:uuid:{}",
lit.value
)))))
} else {
Ok(None)
}
}
fn fn_bnode(args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
if args.is_empty() || args[0].is_none() {
// Generate new blank node
use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
let nanos = SystemTime::now()
.duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
.map(|d| d.as_nanos())
.unwrap_or(0);
Ok(Some(RdfTerm::BlankNode(format!("b{}", nanos))))
} else {
// Create blank node with given ID
let id = get_string_arg(&args, 0)?;
Ok(Some(RdfTerm::BlankNode(id)))
}
}
fn fn_strdt(args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
let value = get_string_arg(&args, 0)?;
let datatype = get_iri_arg(&args, 1)?;
Ok(Some(RdfTerm::typed_literal(value, datatype)))
}
fn fn_strlang(args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
let value = get_string_arg(&args, 0)?;
let lang = get_string_arg(&args, 1)?;
Ok(Some(RdfTerm::lang_literal(value, lang)))
}
fn fn_str(args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
let term = args.get(0).and_then(|a| a.clone());
Ok(term.map(|t| RdfTerm::literal(term_to_string(&t))))
}
// ============================================================================
// RuVector Extension Functions
// ============================================================================
/// Compute cosine similarity between two vector literals
fn fn_vector_similarity(args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
let v1 = get_vector_arg(&args, 0)?;
let v2 = get_vector_arg(&args, 1)?;
if v1.len() != v2.len() {
return Err(SparqlError::TypeMismatch {
expected: format!("vectors of same dimension"),
actual: format!("dimensions {} and {}", v1.len(), v2.len()),
});
}
// Cosine similarity
let dot: f64 = v1.iter().zip(v2.iter()).map(|(a, b)| a * b).sum();
let norm1: f64 = v1.iter().map(|x| x * x).sum::<f64>().sqrt();
let norm2: f64 = v2.iter().map(|x| x * x).sum::<f64>().sqrt();
let similarity = if norm1 > 0.0 && norm2 > 0.0 {
dot / (norm1 * norm2)
} else {
0.0
};
Ok(Some(RdfTerm::Literal(Literal::double(similarity))))
}
/// Compute L2 distance between two vector literals
fn fn_vector_distance(args: Vec<Option<RdfTerm>>) -> SparqlResult<Option<RdfTerm>> {
let v1 = get_vector_arg(&args, 0)?;
let v2 = get_vector_arg(&args, 1)?;
if v1.len() != v2.len() {
return Err(SparqlError::TypeMismatch {
expected: format!("vectors of same dimension"),
actual: format!("dimensions {} and {}", v1.len(), v2.len()),
});
}
// L2 (Euclidean) distance
let distance: f64 = v1
.iter()
.zip(v2.iter())
.map(|(a, b)| (a - b).powi(2))
.sum::<f64>()
.sqrt();
Ok(Some(RdfTerm::Literal(Literal::double(distance))))
}
// ============================================================================
// Helper Functions
// ============================================================================
fn get_string_arg(args: &[Option<RdfTerm>], index: usize) -> SparqlResult<String> {
args.get(index)
.and_then(|a| a.as_ref())
.map(|t| term_to_string(t))
.ok_or_else(|| SparqlError::ExecutionError(format!("Missing argument {}", index)))
}
fn get_number_arg(args: &[Option<RdfTerm>], index: usize) -> SparqlResult<f64> {
args.get(index)
.and_then(|a| a.as_ref())
.and_then(|t| term_to_number(t))
.ok_or_else(|| SparqlError::TypeMismatch {
expected: "numeric".to_string(),
actual: "non-numeric or missing".to_string(),
})
}
fn get_integer_arg(args: &[Option<RdfTerm>], index: usize) -> SparqlResult<i64> {
args.get(index)
.and_then(|a| a.as_ref())
.and_then(|t| term_to_integer(t))
.ok_or_else(|| SparqlError::TypeMismatch {
expected: "integer".to_string(),
actual: "non-integer or missing".to_string(),
})
}
fn get_iri_arg(args: &[Option<RdfTerm>], index: usize) -> SparqlResult<Iri> {
args.get(index)
.and_then(|a| a.as_ref())
.and_then(|t| match t {
RdfTerm::Iri(iri) => Some(iri.clone()),
RdfTerm::Literal(lit) => Some(Iri::new(&lit.value)),
_ => None,
})
.ok_or_else(|| SparqlError::TypeMismatch {
expected: "IRI".to_string(),
actual: "non-IRI or missing".to_string(),
})
}
fn get_vector_arg(args: &[Option<RdfTerm>], index: usize) -> SparqlResult<Vec<f64>> {
let s = get_string_arg(args, index)?;
// Parse vector format: [1.0, 2.0, 3.0] or 1.0,2.0,3.0
let s = s.trim().trim_start_matches('[').trim_end_matches(']');
s.split(',')
.map(|v| {
v.trim()
.parse::<f64>()
.map_err(|_| SparqlError::TypeMismatch {
expected: "numeric vector".to_string(),
actual: format!("invalid number: {}", v),
})
})
.collect()
}
fn term_to_string(term: &RdfTerm) -> String {
match term {
RdfTerm::Iri(iri) => iri.as_str().to_string(),
RdfTerm::Literal(lit) => lit.value.clone(),
RdfTerm::BlankNode(id) => format!("_:{}", id),
}
}
fn term_to_number(term: &RdfTerm) -> Option<f64> {
match term {
RdfTerm::Literal(lit) => lit.as_double(),
_ => None,
}
}
fn term_to_integer(term: &RdfTerm) -> Option<i64> {
match term {
RdfTerm::Literal(lit) => lit.as_integer(),
_ => None,
}
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
fn test_strlen() {
let result = fn_strlen(vec![Some(RdfTerm::literal("hello"))]).unwrap();
assert!(matches!(result, Some(RdfTerm::Literal(l)) if l.as_integer() == Some(5)));
}
#[test]
fn test_substr() {
let result = fn_substr(vec![
Some(RdfTerm::literal("hello")),
Some(RdfTerm::Literal(Literal::integer(2))),
Some(RdfTerm::Literal(Literal::integer(3))),
])
.unwrap();
assert!(matches!(result, Some(RdfTerm::Literal(l)) if l.value == "ell"));
}
#[test]
fn test_ucase_lcase() {
let upper = fn_ucase(vec![Some(RdfTerm::literal("hello"))]).unwrap();
assert!(matches!(upper, Some(RdfTerm::Literal(l)) if l.value == "HELLO"));
let lower = fn_lcase(vec![Some(RdfTerm::literal("HELLO"))]).unwrap();
assert!(matches!(lower, Some(RdfTerm::Literal(l)) if l.value == "hello"));
}
#[test]
fn test_contains() {
let result = fn_contains(vec![
Some(RdfTerm::literal("hello world")),
Some(RdfTerm::literal("world")),
])
.unwrap();
assert!(matches!(result, Some(RdfTerm::Literal(l)) if l.as_boolean() == Some(true)));
}
#[test]
fn test_abs() {
let result = fn_abs(vec![Some(RdfTerm::Literal(Literal::decimal(-5.5)))]).unwrap();
assert!(matches!(result, Some(RdfTerm::Literal(l)) if l.as_double() == Some(5.5)));
}
#[test]
fn test_concat() {
let result = fn_concat(vec![
Some(RdfTerm::literal("hello")),
Some(RdfTerm::literal(" ")),
Some(RdfTerm::literal("world")),
])
.unwrap();
assert!(matches!(result, Some(RdfTerm::Literal(l)) if l.value == "hello world"));
}
#[test]
fn test_vector_similarity() {
let result = fn_vector_similarity(vec![
Some(RdfTerm::literal("[1.0, 0.0, 0.0]")),
Some(RdfTerm::literal("[1.0, 0.0, 0.0]")),
])
.unwrap();
if let Some(RdfTerm::Literal(l)) = result {
let sim = l.as_double().unwrap();
assert!((sim - 1.0).abs() < 0.001);
} else {
panic!("Expected literal result");
}
}
#[test]
fn test_vector_distance() {
let result = fn_vector_distance(vec![
Some(RdfTerm::literal("[0.0, 0.0]")),
Some(RdfTerm::literal("[3.0, 4.0]")),
])
.unwrap();
if let Some(RdfTerm::Literal(l)) = result {
let dist = l.as_double().unwrap();
assert!((dist - 5.0).abs() < 0.001);
} else {
panic!("Expected literal result");
}
}
}

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@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
// SPARQL (SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language) module for ruvector-postgres
//
// Provides W3C-compliant SPARQL 1.1 query support for RDF data with
// PostgreSQL storage backend and vector similarity extensions.
//
// Features:
// - SPARQL 1.1 Query Language (SELECT, CONSTRUCT, ASK, DESCRIBE)
// - SPARQL 1.1 Update Language (INSERT, DELETE, LOAD, CLEAR)
// - RDF triple store with efficient indexing (SPO, POS, OSP)
// - Property paths (sequence, alternative, inverse, transitive)
// - Aggregates and GROUP BY
// - FILTER expressions and built-in functions
// - Vector similarity extensions for hybrid semantic search
// - Standard result formats (JSON, XML, CSV, TSV)
// Allow warnings for incomplete SPARQL features
#![allow(dead_code)]
#![allow(unused_variables)]
#![allow(unused_mut)]
pub mod ast;
pub mod executor;
pub mod functions;
pub mod parser;
pub mod results;
pub mod triple_store;
pub use ast::{
Aggregate, AskQuery, ConstructQuery, DeleteData, DescribeQuery, Expression, Filter,
GraphPattern, GroupCondition, InsertData, Iri, Literal, Modify, OrderCondition, QueryForm,
RdfTerm, SelectQuery, SolutionModifier, SparqlQuery, TriplePattern, UpdateOperation,
};
pub use executor::{execute_sparql, SparqlContext};
pub use parser::parse_sparql;
pub use results::{format_results, ResultFormat, SparqlResults};
pub use triple_store::{Triple, TripleIndex, TripleStore};
use dashmap::DashMap;
use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
use std::sync::Arc;
/// Global RDF triple store registry
static TRIPLE_STORE_REGISTRY: Lazy<DashMap<String, Arc<TripleStore>>> =
Lazy::new(|| DashMap::new());
/// Get or create a triple store by name
pub fn get_or_create_store(name: &str) -> Arc<TripleStore> {
TRIPLE_STORE_REGISTRY
.entry(name.to_string())
.or_insert_with(|| Arc::new(TripleStore::new()))
.clone()
}
/// Get an existing triple store by name
pub fn get_store(name: &str) -> Option<Arc<TripleStore>> {
TRIPLE_STORE_REGISTRY.get(name).map(|s| s.clone())
}
/// Delete a triple store by name
pub fn delete_store(name: &str) -> bool {
TRIPLE_STORE_REGISTRY.remove(name).is_some()
}
/// List all triple store names
pub fn list_stores() -> Vec<String> {
TRIPLE_STORE_REGISTRY
.iter()
.map(|e| e.key().clone())
.collect()
}
/// SPARQL error type
#[derive(Debug, Clone, thiserror::Error)]
pub enum SparqlError {
#[error("Parse error: {0}")]
ParseError(String),
#[error("Variable not bound: {0}")]
UnboundVariable(String),
#[error("Type mismatch: expected {expected}, got {actual}")]
TypeMismatch { expected: String, actual: String },
#[error("Store not found: {0}")]
StoreNotFound(String),
#[error("Invalid IRI: {0}")]
InvalidIri(String),
#[error("Invalid literal: {0}")]
InvalidLiteral(String),
#[error("Unsupported operation: {0}")]
UnsupportedOperation(String),
#[error("Execution error: {0}")]
ExecutionError(String),
#[error("Aggregate error: {0}")]
AggregateError(String),
#[error("Property path error: {0}")]
PropertyPathError(String),
}
/// Result type for SPARQL operations
pub type SparqlResult<T> = Result<T, SparqlError>;
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
fn test_store_registry() {
let store1 = get_or_create_store("test_sparql_store");
let store2 = get_store("test_sparql_store");
assert!(store2.is_some());
assert!(Arc::ptr_eq(&store1, &store2.unwrap()));
let stores = list_stores();
assert!(stores.contains(&"test_sparql_store".to_string()));
assert!(delete_store("test_sparql_store"));
assert!(get_store("test_sparql_store").is_none());
}
}

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// SPARQL Result Formatting
//
// Formats query results in standard SPARQL formats:
// - JSON (SPARQL 1.1 Query Results JSON Format)
// - XML (SPARQL Query Results XML Format)
// - CSV/TSV (SPARQL 1.1 Query Results CSV and TSV Formats)
use super::ast::RdfTerm;
use super::executor::QueryResult;
use super::triple_store::Triple;
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
use std::collections::HashMap;
/// Result format type
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum ResultFormat {
Json,
Xml,
Csv,
Tsv,
}
/// SPARQL results wrapper for serialization
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct SparqlResults {
pub head: ResultHead,
#[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
pub results: Option<ResultBindings>,
#[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
pub boolean: Option<bool>,
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct ResultHead {
#[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty")]
pub vars: Vec<String>,
#[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty")]
pub link: Vec<String>,
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct ResultBindings {
pub bindings: Vec<HashMap<String, ResultValue>>,
}
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct ResultValue {
#[serde(rename = "type")]
pub value_type: String,
pub value: String,
#[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
pub datatype: Option<String>,
#[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
#[serde(rename = "xml:lang")]
pub lang: Option<String>,
}
impl ResultValue {
pub fn from_term(term: &RdfTerm) -> Self {
match term {
RdfTerm::Iri(iri) => Self {
value_type: "uri".to_string(),
value: iri.as_str().to_string(),
datatype: None,
lang: None,
},
RdfTerm::Literal(lit) => {
let datatype = if lit.datatype.as_str() != "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"
&& lit.language.is_none()
{
Some(lit.datatype.as_str().to_string())
} else {
None
};
Self {
value_type: "literal".to_string(),
value: lit.value.clone(),
datatype,
lang: lit.language.clone(),
}
}
RdfTerm::BlankNode(id) => Self {
value_type: "bnode".to_string(),
value: id.clone(),
datatype: None,
lang: None,
},
}
}
}
/// Format query results in the specified format
pub fn format_results(result: &QueryResult, format: ResultFormat) -> String {
match format {
ResultFormat::Json => format_json(result),
ResultFormat::Xml => format_xml(result),
ResultFormat::Csv => format_csv(result),
ResultFormat::Tsv => format_tsv(result),
}
}
// ============================================================================
// JSON Format
// ============================================================================
fn format_json(result: &QueryResult) -> String {
let sparql_results = match result {
QueryResult::Select(select) => {
let bindings: Vec<HashMap<String, ResultValue>> = select
.bindings
.iter()
.map(|binding| {
binding
.iter()
.map(|(k, v)| (k.clone(), ResultValue::from_term(v)))
.collect()
})
.collect();
SparqlResults {
head: ResultHead {
vars: select.variables.clone(),
link: vec![],
},
results: Some(ResultBindings { bindings }),
boolean: None,
}
}
QueryResult::Ask(value) => SparqlResults {
head: ResultHead {
vars: vec![],
link: vec![],
},
results: None,
boolean: Some(*value),
},
QueryResult::Construct(triples) | QueryResult::Describe(triples) => {
// For CONSTRUCT/DESCRIBE, return as JSON-LD-like format
let bindings: Vec<HashMap<String, ResultValue>> = triples
.iter()
.map(|triple| {
let mut binding = HashMap::new();
binding.insert(
"subject".to_string(),
ResultValue::from_term(&triple.subject),
);
binding.insert(
"predicate".to_string(),
ResultValue {
value_type: "uri".to_string(),
value: triple.predicate.as_str().to_string(),
datatype: None,
lang: None,
},
);
binding.insert("object".to_string(), ResultValue::from_term(&triple.object));
binding
})
.collect();
SparqlResults {
head: ResultHead {
vars: vec![
"subject".to_string(),
"predicate".to_string(),
"object".to_string(),
],
link: vec![],
},
results: Some(ResultBindings { bindings }),
boolean: None,
}
}
QueryResult::Update => SparqlResults {
head: ResultHead {
vars: vec![],
link: vec![],
},
results: None,
boolean: Some(true),
},
};
serde_json::to_string_pretty(&sparql_results).unwrap_or_else(|_| "{}".to_string())
}
// ============================================================================
// XML Format
// ============================================================================
fn format_xml(result: &QueryResult) -> String {
let mut xml = String::from(
r#"<?xml version="1.0"?>
<sparql xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/sparql-results#">
"#,
);
match result {
QueryResult::Select(select) => {
// Head
xml.push_str(" <head>\n");
for var in &select.variables {
xml.push_str(&format!(" <variable name=\"{}\"/>\n", escape_xml(var)));
}
xml.push_str(" </head>\n");
// Results
xml.push_str(" <results>\n");
for binding in &select.bindings {
xml.push_str(" <result>\n");
for (var, value) in binding {
xml.push_str(&format!(" <binding name=\"{}\">\n", escape_xml(var)));
xml.push_str(&format_term_xml(value));
xml.push_str(" </binding>\n");
}
xml.push_str(" </result>\n");
}
xml.push_str(" </results>\n");
}
QueryResult::Ask(value) => {
xml.push_str(" <head/>\n");
xml.push_str(&format!(" <boolean>{}</boolean>\n", value));
}
QueryResult::Construct(triples) | QueryResult::Describe(triples) => {
xml.push_str(" <head>\n");
xml.push_str(" <variable name=\"subject\"/>\n");
xml.push_str(" <variable name=\"predicate\"/>\n");
xml.push_str(" <variable name=\"object\"/>\n");
xml.push_str(" </head>\n");
xml.push_str(" <results>\n");
for triple in triples {
xml.push_str(" <result>\n");
xml.push_str(" <binding name=\"subject\">\n");
xml.push_str(&format_term_xml(&triple.subject));
xml.push_str(" </binding>\n");
xml.push_str(" <binding name=\"predicate\">\n");
xml.push_str(&format!(
" <uri>{}</uri>\n",
escape_xml(triple.predicate.as_str())
));
xml.push_str(" </binding>\n");
xml.push_str(" <binding name=\"object\">\n");
xml.push_str(&format_term_xml(&triple.object));
xml.push_str(" </binding>\n");
xml.push_str(" </result>\n");
}
xml.push_str(" </results>\n");
}
QueryResult::Update => {
xml.push_str(" <head/>\n");
xml.push_str(" <boolean>true</boolean>\n");
}
}
xml.push_str("</sparql>");
xml
}
fn format_term_xml(term: &RdfTerm) -> String {
match term {
RdfTerm::Iri(iri) => {
format!(" <uri>{}</uri>\n", escape_xml(iri.as_str()))
}
RdfTerm::Literal(lit) => {
let mut s = String::from(" <literal");
if let Some(lang) = &lit.language {
s.push_str(&format!(" xml:lang=\"{}\"", escape_xml(lang)));
} else if lit.datatype.as_str() != "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string" {
s.push_str(&format!(
" datatype=\"{}\"",
escape_xml(lit.datatype.as_str())
));
}
s.push_str(&format!(">{}</literal>\n", escape_xml(&lit.value)));
s
}
RdfTerm::BlankNode(id) => {
format!(" <bnode>{}</bnode>\n", escape_xml(id))
}
}
}
fn escape_xml(s: &str) -> String {
s.replace('&', "&amp;")
.replace('<', "&lt;")
.replace('>', "&gt;")
.replace('"', "&quot;")
.replace('\'', "&apos;")
}
// ============================================================================
// CSV Format
// ============================================================================
fn format_csv(result: &QueryResult) -> String {
format_delimited(result, ',')
}
// ============================================================================
// TSV Format
// ============================================================================
fn format_tsv(result: &QueryResult) -> String {
format_delimited(result, '\t')
}
fn format_delimited(result: &QueryResult, delimiter: char) -> String {
let mut output = String::new();
match result {
QueryResult::Select(select) => {
// Header
output.push_str(&select.variables.join(&delimiter.to_string()));
output.push('\n');
// Rows
for binding in &select.bindings {
let row: Vec<String> = select
.variables
.iter()
.map(|var| {
binding
.get(var)
.map(|term| format_term_csv(term, delimiter))
.unwrap_or_default()
})
.collect();
output.push_str(&row.join(&delimiter.to_string()));
output.push('\n');
}
}
QueryResult::Ask(value) => {
output.push_str(&format!("{}\n", value));
}
QueryResult::Construct(triples) | QueryResult::Describe(triples) => {
output.push_str(&format!(
"subject{}predicate{}object\n",
delimiter, delimiter
));
for triple in triples {
output.push_str(&format!(
"{}{}{}{}{}",
format_term_csv(&triple.subject, delimiter),
delimiter,
escape_csv(triple.predicate.as_str(), delimiter),
delimiter,
format_term_csv(&triple.object, delimiter),
));
output.push('\n');
}
}
QueryResult::Update => {
output.push_str("success\ntrue\n");
}
}
output
}
fn format_term_csv(term: &RdfTerm, delimiter: char) -> String {
match term {
RdfTerm::Iri(iri) => escape_csv(iri.as_str(), delimiter),
RdfTerm::Literal(lit) => {
if lit.language.is_some()
|| lit.datatype.as_str() != "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"
{
// Use N-Triples-like format for typed/language literals
let mut s = format!("\"{}\"", lit.value.replace('"', "\\\""));
if let Some(lang) = &lit.language {
s.push_str(&format!("@{}", lang));
} else {
s.push_str(&format!("^^<{}>", lit.datatype.as_str()));
}
escape_csv(&s, delimiter)
} else {
escape_csv(&lit.value, delimiter)
}
}
RdfTerm::BlankNode(id) => escape_csv(&format!("_:{}", id), delimiter),
}
}
fn escape_csv(s: &str, delimiter: char) -> String {
if s.contains(delimiter) || s.contains('"') || s.contains('\n') || s.contains('\r') {
format!("\"{}\"", s.replace('"', "\"\""))
} else {
s.to_string()
}
}
// ============================================================================
// N-Triples Format (for CONSTRUCT/DESCRIBE)
// ============================================================================
/// Format triples as N-Triples
pub fn format_ntriples(triples: &[Triple]) -> String {
let mut output = String::new();
for triple in triples {
output.push_str(&format_term_nt(&triple.subject));
output.push(' ');
output.push_str(&format!("<{}>", triple.predicate.as_str()));
output.push(' ');
output.push_str(&format_term_nt(&triple.object));
output.push_str(" .\n");
}
output
}
fn format_term_nt(term: &RdfTerm) -> String {
match term {
RdfTerm::Iri(iri) => format!("<{}>", iri.as_str()),
RdfTerm::Literal(lit) => {
let escaped = lit
.value
.replace('\\', "\\\\")
.replace('"', "\\\"")
.replace('\n', "\\n")
.replace('\r', "\\r")
.replace('\t', "\\t");
if let Some(lang) = &lit.language {
format!("\"{}\"@{}", escaped, lang)
} else if lit.datatype.as_str() != "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string" {
format!("\"{}\"^^<{}>", escaped, lit.datatype.as_str())
} else {
format!("\"{}\"", escaped)
}
}
RdfTerm::BlankNode(id) => format!("_:{}", id),
}
}
// ============================================================================
// Turtle Format (for CONSTRUCT/DESCRIBE)
// ============================================================================
/// Format triples as Turtle
pub fn format_turtle(triples: &[Triple]) -> String {
let mut output = String::new();
// Group by subject
let mut by_subject: HashMap<String, Vec<&Triple>> = HashMap::new();
for triple in triples {
let key = format_term_nt(&triple.subject);
by_subject.entry(key).or_default().push(triple);
}
for (subject, subject_triples) in by_subject {
output.push_str(&subject);
output.push('\n');
let total = subject_triples.len();
for (i, triple) in subject_triples.iter().enumerate() {
output.push_str(" ");
output.push_str(&format!("<{}>", triple.predicate.as_str()));
output.push(' ');
output.push_str(&format_term_nt(&triple.object));
if i < total - 1 {
output.push_str(" ;\n");
} else {
output.push_str(" .\n");
}
}
output.push('\n');
}
output
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::super::ast::Iri;
use super::super::executor::SelectResult;
use super::*;
use std::collections::HashMap;
fn create_test_select() -> QueryResult {
let mut binding = HashMap::new();
binding.insert("name".to_string(), RdfTerm::literal("Alice"));
binding.insert("age".to_string(), RdfTerm::literal("30"));
QueryResult::Select(SelectResult {
variables: vec!["name".to_string(), "age".to_string()],
bindings: vec![binding],
})
}
#[test]
fn test_json_format() {
let result = create_test_select();
let json = format_results(&result, ResultFormat::Json);
assert!(json.contains("\"vars\""));
assert!(json.contains("\"name\""));
assert!(json.contains("\"Alice\""));
}
#[test]
fn test_xml_format() {
let result = create_test_select();
let xml = format_results(&result, ResultFormat::Xml);
assert!(xml.contains("<sparql"));
assert!(xml.contains("<variable name=\"name\""));
assert!(xml.contains("<literal>Alice</literal>"));
}
#[test]
fn test_csv_format() {
let result = create_test_select();
let csv = format_results(&result, ResultFormat::Csv);
assert!(csv.contains("name,age"));
assert!(csv.contains("Alice"));
}
#[test]
fn test_tsv_format() {
let result = create_test_select();
let tsv = format_results(&result, ResultFormat::Tsv);
assert!(tsv.contains("name\tage"));
}
#[test]
fn test_ask_json() {
let result = QueryResult::Ask(true);
let json = format_results(&result, ResultFormat::Json);
assert!(json.contains("\"boolean\": true"));
}
#[test]
fn test_ntriples() {
let triples = vec![Triple::new(
RdfTerm::iri("http://example.org/s"),
Iri::new("http://example.org/p"),
RdfTerm::literal("object"),
)];
let nt = format_ntriples(&triples);
assert!(nt.contains("<http://example.org/s>"));
assert!(nt.contains("<http://example.org/p>"));
assert!(nt.contains("\"object\""));
}
#[test]
fn test_escape_xml() {
assert_eq!(escape_xml("<test>"), "&lt;test&gt;");
assert_eq!(escape_xml("a & b"), "a &amp; b");
}
}

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// RDF Triple Store with efficient indexing
//
// Provides persistent storage for RDF triples with multiple indexes
// for efficient query patterns (SPO, POS, OSP).
use super::ast::{Iri, RdfTerm};
use dashmap::DashMap;
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
use std::collections::HashSet;
use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
/// RDF Triple
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct Triple {
pub subject: RdfTerm,
pub predicate: Iri,
pub object: RdfTerm,
}
impl Triple {
pub fn new(subject: RdfTerm, predicate: Iri, object: RdfTerm) -> Self {
Self {
subject,
predicate,
object,
}
}
/// Create from string components
pub fn from_strings(subject: &str, predicate: &str, object: &str) -> Self {
Self {
subject: if subject.starts_with("_:") {
RdfTerm::BlankNode(subject[2..].to_string())
} else {
RdfTerm::Iri(Iri::new(subject))
},
predicate: Iri::new(predicate),
object: if object.starts_with("_:") {
RdfTerm::BlankNode(object[2..].to_string())
} else if object.starts_with('"') {
// Parse literal
parse_literal_string(object)
} else {
RdfTerm::Iri(Iri::new(object))
},
}
}
}
/// Parse a literal string like "value"@en or "value"^^xsd:type
fn parse_literal_string(s: &str) -> RdfTerm {
let s = s.trim();
if !s.starts_with('"') {
return RdfTerm::literal(s);
}
// Find the closing quote
let mut chars = s.chars().peekable();
chars.next(); // Skip opening quote
let mut value = String::new();
while let Some(c) = chars.next() {
if c == '\\' {
if let Some(escaped) = chars.next() {
match escaped {
'n' => value.push('\n'),
't' => value.push('\t'),
'r' => value.push('\r'),
'"' => value.push('"'),
'\\' => value.push('\\'),
_ => {
value.push('\\');
value.push(escaped);
}
}
}
} else if c == '"' {
break;
} else {
value.push(c);
}
}
// Check for language tag or datatype
let remainder: String = chars.collect();
if remainder.starts_with('@') {
let lang = remainder[1..].to_string();
RdfTerm::lang_literal(value, lang)
} else if remainder.starts_with("^^") {
let datatype = &remainder[2..];
let datatype = if datatype.starts_with('<') && datatype.ends_with('>') {
&datatype[1..datatype.len() - 1]
} else {
datatype
};
RdfTerm::typed_literal(value, Iri::new(datatype))
} else {
RdfTerm::literal(value)
}
}
/// Triple index type
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum TripleIndex {
/// Subject-Predicate-Object (for ?p ?o given s)
Spo,
/// Predicate-Object-Subject (for ?s given p, o)
Pos,
/// Object-Subject-Predicate (for ?s ?p given o)
Osp,
/// Subject-Object-Predicate (for ?p given s, o)
Sop,
/// Predicate-Subject-Object (for ?o given p, s)
Pso,
/// Object-Predicate-Subject (for ?s given o, p)
Ops,
}
/// Index key for triple lookup
#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
pub struct IndexKey {
pub first: String,
pub second: Option<String>,
}
impl IndexKey {
pub fn single(first: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
Self {
first: first.into(),
second: None,
}
}
pub fn double(first: impl Into<String>, second: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
Self {
first: first.into(),
second: Some(second.into()),
}
}
}
/// Triple store statistics
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct StoreStats {
pub triple_count: u64,
pub subject_count: usize,
pub predicate_count: usize,
pub object_count: usize,
pub graph_count: usize,
}
/// RDF Triple Store
pub struct TripleStore {
/// All triples stored by internal ID
triples: DashMap<u64, Triple>,
/// SPO index: subject -> predicate -> object IDs
spo_index: DashMap<String, DashMap<String, HashSet<u64>>>,
/// POS index: predicate -> object -> subject IDs
pos_index: DashMap<String, DashMap<String, HashSet<u64>>>,
/// OSP index: object -> subject -> predicate IDs
osp_index: DashMap<String, DashMap<String, HashSet<u64>>>,
/// Named graphs: graph IRI -> triple IDs
graphs: DashMap<String, HashSet<u64>>,
/// Default graph triple IDs
default_graph: DashMap<u64, ()>,
/// Triple ID counter
next_id: AtomicU64,
/// Unique subjects for statistics
subjects: DashMap<String, ()>,
/// Unique predicates for statistics
predicates: DashMap<String, ()>,
/// Unique objects for statistics
objects: DashMap<String, ()>,
}
impl TripleStore {
pub fn new() -> Self {
Self {
triples: DashMap::new(),
spo_index: DashMap::new(),
pos_index: DashMap::new(),
osp_index: DashMap::new(),
graphs: DashMap::new(),
default_graph: DashMap::new(),
next_id: AtomicU64::new(1),
subjects: DashMap::new(),
predicates: DashMap::new(),
objects: DashMap::new(),
}
}
/// Insert a triple into the default graph
pub fn insert(&self, triple: Triple) -> u64 {
self.insert_into_graph(triple, None)
}
/// Insert a triple into a specific graph
pub fn insert_into_graph(&self, triple: Triple, graph: Option<&str>) -> u64 {
let id = self.next_id.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
// Get string representations for indexing
let subject_key = term_to_key(&triple.subject);
let predicate_key = triple.predicate.as_str().to_string();
let object_key = term_to_key(&triple.object);
// Update statistics
self.subjects.insert(subject_key.clone(), ());
self.predicates.insert(predicate_key.clone(), ());
self.objects.insert(object_key.clone(), ());
// Update SPO index
self.spo_index
.entry(subject_key.clone())
.or_insert_with(DashMap::new)
.entry(predicate_key.clone())
.or_insert_with(HashSet::new)
.insert(id);
// Update POS index
self.pos_index
.entry(predicate_key.clone())
.or_insert_with(DashMap::new)
.entry(object_key.clone())
.or_insert_with(HashSet::new)
.insert(id);
// Update OSP index
self.osp_index
.entry(object_key)
.or_insert_with(DashMap::new)
.entry(subject_key)
.or_insert_with(HashSet::new)
.insert(id);
// Update graph membership
if let Some(graph_iri) = graph {
self.graphs
.entry(graph_iri.to_string())
.or_insert_with(HashSet::new)
.insert(id);
} else {
self.default_graph.insert(id, ());
}
// Store the triple
self.triples.insert(id, triple);
id
}
/// Remove a triple by ID
pub fn remove(&self, id: u64) -> Option<Triple> {
if let Some((_, triple)) = self.triples.remove(&id) {
let subject_key = term_to_key(&triple.subject);
let predicate_key = triple.predicate.as_str().to_string();
let object_key = term_to_key(&triple.object);
// Remove from SPO index
if let Some(pred_map) = self.spo_index.get(&subject_key) {
if let Some(mut ids) = pred_map.get_mut(&predicate_key) {
ids.remove(&id);
}
}
// Remove from POS index
if let Some(obj_map) = self.pos_index.get(&predicate_key) {
if let Some(mut ids) = obj_map.get_mut(&object_key) {
ids.remove(&id);
}
}
// Remove from OSP index
if let Some(subj_map) = self.osp_index.get(&object_key) {
if let Some(mut ids) = subj_map.get_mut(&subject_key) {
ids.remove(&id);
}
}
// Remove from graphs
self.default_graph.remove(&id);
for graph in self.graphs.iter() {
if let Some(mut ids) = self.graphs.get_mut(graph.key()) {
ids.remove(&id);
}
}
Some(triple)
} else {
None
}
}
/// Get a triple by ID
pub fn get(&self, id: u64) -> Option<Triple> {
self.triples.get(&id).map(|t| t.clone())
}
/// Query triples matching a pattern (None means any value)
pub fn query(
&self,
subject: Option<&RdfTerm>,
predicate: Option<&Iri>,
object: Option<&RdfTerm>,
) -> Vec<Triple> {
self.query_with_graph(subject, predicate, object, None)
}
/// Query triples matching a pattern in a specific graph
pub fn query_with_graph(
&self,
subject: Option<&RdfTerm>,
predicate: Option<&Iri>,
object: Option<&RdfTerm>,
graph: Option<&str>,
) -> Vec<Triple> {
// Filter by graph if specified
let graph_filter: Option<HashSet<u64>> = graph.map(|g| {
self.graphs
.get(g)
.map(|ids| ids.clone())
.unwrap_or_default()
});
// Choose the best index based on bound variables
let ids = match (subject, predicate, object) {
// All bound - direct lookup
(Some(s), Some(p), Some(o)) => {
let s_key = term_to_key(s);
let p_key = p.as_str();
let o_key = term_to_key(o);
self.spo_index
.get(&s_key)
.and_then(|pred_map| pred_map.get(p_key).map(|ids| ids.clone()))
.unwrap_or_default()
.into_iter()
.filter(|id| {
self.triples
.get(id)
.map(|t| term_to_key(&t.object) == o_key)
.unwrap_or(false)
})
.collect::<Vec<_>>()
}
// Subject and predicate bound - use SPO
(Some(s), Some(p), None) => {
let s_key = term_to_key(s);
let p_key = p.as_str();
self.spo_index
.get(&s_key)
.and_then(|pred_map| pred_map.get(p_key).map(|ids| ids.clone()))
.unwrap_or_default()
.into_iter()
.collect()
}
// Subject only - use SPO
(Some(s), None, None) => {
let s_key = term_to_key(s);
self.spo_index
.get(&s_key)
.map(|pred_map| {
pred_map
.iter()
.flat_map(|entry| entry.value().clone())
.collect::<Vec<_>>()
})
.unwrap_or_default()
}
// Predicate and object bound - use POS
(None, Some(p), Some(o)) => {
let p_key = p.as_str();
let o_key = term_to_key(o);
self.pos_index
.get(p_key)
.and_then(|obj_map| obj_map.get(&o_key).map(|ids| ids.clone()))
.unwrap_or_default()
.into_iter()
.collect()
}
// Predicate only - use POS
(None, Some(p), None) => {
let p_key = p.as_str();
self.pos_index
.get(p_key)
.map(|obj_map| {
obj_map
.iter()
.flat_map(|entry| entry.value().clone())
.collect::<Vec<_>>()
})
.unwrap_or_default()
}
// Object only - use OSP
(None, None, Some(o)) => {
let o_key = term_to_key(o);
self.osp_index
.get(&o_key)
.map(|subj_map| {
subj_map
.iter()
.flat_map(|entry| entry.value().clone())
.collect::<Vec<_>>()
})
.unwrap_or_default()
}
// Subject and object bound - use SPO then filter
(Some(s), None, Some(o)) => {
let s_key = term_to_key(s);
let o_key = term_to_key(o);
self.spo_index
.get(&s_key)
.map(|pred_map| {
pred_map
.iter()
.flat_map(|entry| entry.value().clone())
.filter(|id| {
self.triples
.get(id)
.map(|t| term_to_key(&t.object) == o_key)
.unwrap_or(false)
})
.collect::<Vec<_>>()
})
.unwrap_or_default()
}
// Nothing bound - return all
(None, None, None) => self.triples.iter().map(|entry| *entry.key()).collect(),
};
// Apply graph filter and collect results
ids.into_iter()
.filter(|id| {
graph_filter
.as_ref()
.map(|filter| filter.contains(id))
.unwrap_or(true)
})
.filter_map(|id| self.triples.get(&id).map(|t| t.clone()))
.collect()
}
/// Get all triples in the store
pub fn all_triples(&self) -> Vec<Triple> {
self.triples
.iter()
.map(|entry| entry.value().clone())
.collect()
}
/// Get triple count
pub fn count(&self) -> usize {
self.triples.len()
}
/// Check if store is empty
pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
self.triples.is_empty()
}
/// Clear all triples
pub fn clear(&self) {
self.triples.clear();
self.spo_index.clear();
self.pos_index.clear();
self.osp_index.clear();
self.graphs.clear();
self.default_graph.clear();
self.subjects.clear();
self.predicates.clear();
self.objects.clear();
}
/// Clear a specific graph
pub fn clear_graph(&self, graph: Option<&str>) {
let ids_to_remove: Vec<u64> = if let Some(graph_iri) = graph {
self.graphs
.get(graph_iri)
.map(|ids| ids.iter().copied().collect())
.unwrap_or_default()
} else {
self.default_graph
.iter()
.map(|entry| *entry.key())
.collect()
};
for id in ids_to_remove {
self.remove(id);
}
}
/// Get statistics about the store
pub fn stats(&self) -> StoreStats {
StoreStats {
triple_count: self.triples.len() as u64,
subject_count: self.subjects.len(),
predicate_count: self.predicates.len(),
object_count: self.objects.len(),
graph_count: self.graphs.len() + 1, // +1 for default graph
}
}
/// List all named graphs
pub fn list_graphs(&self) -> Vec<String> {
self.graphs
.iter()
.map(|entry| entry.key().clone())
.collect()
}
/// Get triples from a specific graph
pub fn get_graph(&self, graph: &str) -> Vec<Triple> {
self.graphs
.get(graph)
.map(|ids| {
ids.iter()
.filter_map(|id| self.triples.get(id).map(|t| t.clone()))
.collect()
})
.unwrap_or_default()
}
/// Get triples from the default graph
pub fn get_default_graph(&self) -> Vec<Triple> {
self.default_graph
.iter()
.filter_map(|entry| self.triples.get(entry.key()).map(|t| t.clone()))
.collect()
}
/// Bulk insert triples
pub fn insert_bulk(&self, triples: impl IntoIterator<Item = Triple>) -> Vec<u64> {
triples.into_iter().map(|t| self.insert(t)).collect()
}
/// Bulk insert triples into a graph
pub fn insert_bulk_into_graph(
&self,
triples: impl IntoIterator<Item = Triple>,
graph: &str,
) -> Vec<u64> {
triples
.into_iter()
.map(|t| self.insert_into_graph(t, Some(graph)))
.collect()
}
}
impl Default for TripleStore {
fn default() -> Self {
Self::new()
}
}
/// Convert an RDF term to a string key for indexing
fn term_to_key(term: &RdfTerm) -> String {
match term {
RdfTerm::Iri(iri) => format!("<{}>", iri.as_str()),
RdfTerm::Literal(lit) => {
if let Some(ref lang) = lit.language {
format!("\"{}\"@{}", lit.value, lang)
} else if lit.datatype.as_str() != "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string" {
format!("\"{}\"^^<{}>", lit.value, lit.datatype.as_str())
} else {
format!("\"{}\"", lit.value)
}
}
RdfTerm::BlankNode(id) => format!("_:{}", id),
}
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
fn test_insert_and_query() {
let store = TripleStore::new();
let triple = Triple::new(
RdfTerm::iri("http://example.org/person/1"),
Iri::new("http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type"),
RdfTerm::iri("http://example.org/Person"),
);
let id = store.insert(triple.clone());
assert!(id > 0);
let retrieved = store.get(id);
assert!(retrieved.is_some());
assert_eq!(retrieved.unwrap(), triple);
}
#[test]
fn test_query_by_subject() {
let store = TripleStore::new();
let subject = RdfTerm::iri("http://example.org/person/1");
store.insert(Triple::new(
subject.clone(),
Iri::rdf_type(),
RdfTerm::iri("http://example.org/Person"),
));
store.insert(Triple::new(
subject.clone(),
Iri::rdfs_label(),
RdfTerm::literal("Alice"),
));
store.insert(Triple::new(
RdfTerm::iri("http://example.org/person/2"),
Iri::rdf_type(),
RdfTerm::iri("http://example.org/Person"),
));
let results = store.query(Some(&subject), None, None);
assert_eq!(results.len(), 2);
}
#[test]
fn test_query_by_predicate() {
let store = TripleStore::new();
store.insert(Triple::new(
RdfTerm::iri("http://example.org/person/1"),
Iri::rdf_type(),
RdfTerm::iri("http://example.org/Person"),
));
store.insert(Triple::new(
RdfTerm::iri("http://example.org/person/2"),
Iri::rdf_type(),
RdfTerm::iri("http://example.org/Person"),
));
store.insert(Triple::new(
RdfTerm::iri("http://example.org/person/1"),
Iri::rdfs_label(),
RdfTerm::literal("Alice"),
));
let results = store.query(None, Some(&Iri::rdf_type()), None);
assert_eq!(results.len(), 2);
}
#[test]
fn test_named_graphs() {
let store = TripleStore::new();
let triple = Triple::new(
RdfTerm::iri("http://example.org/person/1"),
Iri::rdf_type(),
RdfTerm::iri("http://example.org/Person"),
);
store.insert_into_graph(triple.clone(), Some("http://example.org/graph1"));
let graph_triples = store.get_graph("http://example.org/graph1");
assert_eq!(graph_triples.len(), 1);
let default_triples = store.get_default_graph();
assert_eq!(default_triples.len(), 0);
let graphs = store.list_graphs();
assert!(graphs.contains(&"http://example.org/graph1".to_string()));
}
#[test]
fn test_statistics() {
let store = TripleStore::new();
store.insert(Triple::new(
RdfTerm::iri("http://example.org/s1"),
Iri::new("http://example.org/p1"),
RdfTerm::literal("o1"),
));
store.insert(Triple::new(
RdfTerm::iri("http://example.org/s2"),
Iri::new("http://example.org/p1"),
RdfTerm::literal("o2"),
));
let stats = store.stats();
assert_eq!(stats.triple_count, 2);
assert_eq!(stats.subject_count, 2);
assert_eq!(stats.predicate_count, 1);
assert_eq!(stats.object_count, 2);
}
#[test]
fn test_remove() {
let store = TripleStore::new();
let id = store.insert(Triple::new(
RdfTerm::iri("http://example.org/s"),
Iri::new("http://example.org/p"),
RdfTerm::literal("o"),
));
assert_eq!(store.count(), 1);
let removed = store.remove(id);
assert!(removed.is_some());
assert_eq!(store.count(), 0);
}
#[test]
fn test_parse_literal() {
let simple = parse_literal_string("\"hello\"");
assert!(matches!(simple, RdfTerm::Literal(ref l) if l.value == "hello"));
let lang = parse_literal_string("\"hello\"@en");
assert!(matches!(lang, RdfTerm::Literal(ref l) if l.language == Some("en".to_string())));
let typed = parse_literal_string("\"42\"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer>");
assert!(
matches!(typed, RdfTerm::Literal(ref l) if l.datatype.as_str() == "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer")
);
}
}

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// Graph storage structures with concurrent access support
use dashmap::DashMap;
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
/// Node in the graph
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct Node {
pub id: u64,
pub labels: Vec<String>,
pub properties: HashMap<String, serde_json::Value>,
}
impl Node {
pub fn new(id: u64) -> Self {
Self {
id,
labels: Vec::new(),
properties: HashMap::new(),
}
}
pub fn with_label(mut self, label: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
self.labels.push(label.into());
self
}
pub fn with_property(
mut self,
key: impl Into<String>,
value: impl Into<serde_json::Value>,
) -> Self {
self.properties.insert(key.into(), value.into());
self
}
pub fn has_label(&self, label: &str) -> bool {
self.labels.iter().any(|l| l == label)
}
pub fn get_property(&self, key: &str) -> Option<&serde_json::Value> {
self.properties.get(key)
}
}
/// Edge in the graph
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct Edge {
pub id: u64,
pub source: u64,
pub target: u64,
pub edge_type: String,
pub properties: HashMap<String, serde_json::Value>,
}
impl Edge {
pub fn new(id: u64, source: u64, target: u64, edge_type: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
Self {
id,
source,
target,
edge_type: edge_type.into(),
properties: HashMap::new(),
}
}
pub fn with_property(
mut self,
key: impl Into<String>,
value: impl Into<serde_json::Value>,
) -> Self {
self.properties.insert(key.into(), value.into());
self
}
pub fn get_property(&self, key: &str) -> Option<&serde_json::Value> {
self.properties.get(key)
}
pub fn weight(&self, property: &str) -> f64 {
self.get_property(property)
.and_then(|v| v.as_f64())
.unwrap_or(1.0)
}
}
/// Node storage with label indexing
pub struct NodeStore {
nodes: DashMap<u64, Node>,
label_index: DashMap<String, HashSet<u64>>,
next_id: AtomicU64,
}
impl NodeStore {
pub fn new() -> Self {
Self {
nodes: DashMap::new(),
label_index: DashMap::new(),
next_id: AtomicU64::new(1),
}
}
pub fn next_id(&self) -> u64 {
self.next_id.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst)
}
pub fn insert(&self, node: Node) {
let id = node.id;
// Update label index
for label in &node.labels {
self.label_index
.entry(label.clone())
.or_insert_with(HashSet::new)
.insert(id);
}
self.nodes.insert(id, node);
}
pub fn get(&self, id: u64) -> Option<Node> {
self.nodes.get(&id).map(|n| n.clone())
}
pub fn remove(&self, id: u64) -> Option<Node> {
if let Some((_, node)) = self.nodes.remove(&id) {
// Remove from label index
for label in &node.labels {
if let Some(mut ids) = self.label_index.get_mut(label) {
ids.remove(&id);
}
}
Some(node)
} else {
None
}
}
pub fn find_by_label(&self, label: &str) -> Vec<Node> {
self.label_index
.get(label)
.map(|ids| ids.iter().filter_map(|id| self.get(*id)).collect())
.unwrap_or_default()
}
pub fn all_nodes(&self) -> Vec<Node> {
self.nodes.iter().map(|n| n.clone()).collect()
}
pub fn count(&self) -> usize {
self.nodes.len()
}
pub fn contains(&self, id: u64) -> bool {
self.nodes.contains_key(&id)
}
}
impl Default for NodeStore {
fn default() -> Self {
Self::new()
}
}
/// Edge storage with adjacency list indexing
pub struct EdgeStore {
edges: DashMap<u64, Edge>,
// Adjacency list: source_id -> [(target_id, edge_id)]
outgoing: DashMap<u64, Vec<(u64, u64)>>,
// Reverse adjacency: target_id -> [(source_id, edge_id)]
incoming: DashMap<u64, Vec<(u64, u64)>>,
// Type index: edge_type -> [edge_id]
type_index: DashMap<String, HashSet<u64>>,
next_id: AtomicU64,
}
impl EdgeStore {
pub fn new() -> Self {
Self {
edges: DashMap::new(),
outgoing: DashMap::new(),
incoming: DashMap::new(),
type_index: DashMap::new(),
next_id: AtomicU64::new(1),
}
}
pub fn next_id(&self) -> u64 {
self.next_id.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst)
}
pub fn insert(&self, edge: Edge) {
let id = edge.id;
let source = edge.source;
let target = edge.target;
let edge_type = edge.edge_type.clone();
// Update adjacency lists
self.outgoing
.entry(source)
.or_insert_with(Vec::new)
.push((target, id));
self.incoming
.entry(target)
.or_insert_with(Vec::new)
.push((source, id));
// Update type index
self.type_index
.entry(edge_type)
.or_insert_with(HashSet::new)
.insert(id);
self.edges.insert(id, edge);
}
pub fn get(&self, id: u64) -> Option<Edge> {
self.edges.get(&id).map(|e| e.clone())
}
pub fn remove(&self, id: u64) -> Option<Edge> {
if let Some((_, edge)) = self.edges.remove(&id) {
// Remove from adjacency lists
if let Some(mut out) = self.outgoing.get_mut(&edge.source) {
out.retain(|(_, eid)| *eid != id);
}
if let Some(mut inc) = self.incoming.get_mut(&edge.target) {
inc.retain(|(_, eid)| *eid != id);
}
// Remove from type index
if let Some(mut ids) = self.type_index.get_mut(&edge.edge_type) {
ids.remove(&id);
}
Some(edge)
} else {
None
}
}
pub fn get_outgoing(&self, node_id: u64) -> Vec<Edge> {
self.outgoing
.get(&node_id)
.map(|edges| {
edges
.iter()
.filter_map(|(_, edge_id)| self.get(*edge_id))
.collect()
})
.unwrap_or_default()
}
pub fn get_incoming(&self, node_id: u64) -> Vec<Edge> {
self.incoming
.get(&node_id)
.map(|edges| {
edges
.iter()
.filter_map(|(_, edge_id)| self.get(*edge_id))
.collect()
})
.unwrap_or_default()
}
pub fn get_neighbors(&self, node_id: u64) -> Vec<u64> {
self.outgoing
.get(&node_id)
.map(|edges| edges.iter().map(|(target, _)| *target).collect())
.unwrap_or_default()
}
pub fn find_by_type(&self, edge_type: &str) -> Vec<Edge> {
self.type_index
.get(edge_type)
.map(|ids| ids.iter().filter_map(|id| self.get(*id)).collect())
.unwrap_or_default()
}
pub fn all_edges(&self) -> Vec<Edge> {
self.edges.iter().map(|e| e.clone()).collect()
}
pub fn count(&self) -> usize {
self.edges.len()
}
}
impl Default for EdgeStore {
fn default() -> Self {
Self::new()
}
}
/// Complete graph storage
pub struct GraphStore {
pub nodes: NodeStore,
pub edges: EdgeStore,
}
impl GraphStore {
pub fn new() -> Self {
Self {
nodes: NodeStore::new(),
edges: EdgeStore::new(),
}
}
pub fn add_node(
&self,
labels: Vec<String>,
properties: HashMap<String, serde_json::Value>,
) -> u64 {
let id = self.nodes.next_id();
let mut node = Node::new(id);
node.labels = labels;
node.properties = properties;
self.nodes.insert(node);
id
}
pub fn add_edge(
&self,
source: u64,
target: u64,
edge_type: String,
properties: HashMap<String, serde_json::Value>,
) -> Result<u64, String> {
// Validate nodes exist
if !self.nodes.contains(source) {
return Err(format!("Source node {} does not exist", source));
}
if !self.nodes.contains(target) {
return Err(format!("Target node {} does not exist", target));
}
let id = self.edges.next_id();
let mut edge = Edge::new(id, source, target, edge_type);
edge.properties = properties;
self.edges.insert(edge);
Ok(id)
}
pub fn stats(&self) -> GraphStats {
GraphStats {
node_count: self.nodes.count(),
edge_count: self.edges.count(),
labels: self
.nodes
.label_index
.iter()
.map(|e| e.key().clone())
.collect(),
edge_types: self
.edges
.type_index
.iter()
.map(|e| e.key().clone())
.collect(),
}
}
}
impl Default for GraphStore {
fn default() -> Self {
Self::new()
}
}
#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct GraphStats {
pub node_count: usize,
pub edge_count: usize,
pub labels: Vec<String>,
pub edge_types: Vec<String>,
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
#[test]
fn test_node_operations() {
let store = NodeStore::new();
let node = Node::new(1)
.with_label("Person")
.with_property("name", "Alice");
store.insert(node.clone());
let retrieved = store.get(1).unwrap();
assert_eq!(retrieved.id, 1);
assert!(retrieved.has_label("Person"));
assert_eq!(
retrieved.get_property("name").unwrap().as_str().unwrap(),
"Alice"
);
let persons = store.find_by_label("Person");
assert_eq!(persons.len(), 1);
}
#[test]
fn test_edge_operations() {
let store = EdgeStore::new();
let edge = Edge::new(1, 10, 20, "KNOWS").with_property("since", 2020);
store.insert(edge);
let outgoing = store.get_outgoing(10);
assert_eq!(outgoing.len(), 1);
assert_eq!(outgoing[0].target, 20);
let neighbors = store.get_neighbors(10);
assert_eq!(neighbors, vec![20]);
}
#[test]
fn test_graph_store() {
let graph = GraphStore::new();
let n1 = graph.add_node(
vec!["Person".to_string()],
HashMap::from([("name".to_string(), "Alice".into())]),
);
let n2 = graph.add_node(
vec!["Person".to_string()],
HashMap::from([("name".to_string(), "Bob".into())]),
);
let e1 = graph
.add_edge(
n1,
n2,
"KNOWS".to_string(),
HashMap::from([("since".to_string(), 2020.into())]),
)
.unwrap();
assert_eq!(graph.nodes.count(), 2);
assert_eq!(graph.edges.count(), 1);
let stats = graph.stats();
assert_eq!(stats.node_count, 2);
assert_eq!(stats.edge_count, 1);
assert!(stats.labels.contains(&"Person".to_string()));
assert!(stats.edge_types.contains(&"KNOWS".to_string()));
}
}

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// Graph traversal algorithms
use super::storage::GraphStore;
use std::cmp::Ordering;
use std::collections::{BinaryHeap, HashMap, HashSet, VecDeque};
/// Result of a path search
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub struct PathResult {
pub nodes: Vec<u64>,
pub edges: Vec<u64>,
pub cost: f64,
}
impl PathResult {
pub fn new() -> Self {
Self {
nodes: Vec::new(),
edges: Vec::new(),
cost: 0.0,
}
}
pub fn with_nodes(mut self, nodes: Vec<u64>) -> Self {
self.nodes = nodes;
self
}
pub fn with_edges(mut self, edges: Vec<u64>) -> Self {
self.edges = edges;
self
}
pub fn with_cost(mut self, cost: f64) -> Self {
self.cost = cost;
self
}
pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
self.nodes.len()
}
pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
self.nodes.is_empty()
}
}
/// Breadth-First Search to find shortest path (by hop count)
///
/// # Arguments
/// * `graph` - The graph to search
/// * `start` - Starting node ID
/// * `end` - Target node ID
/// * `edge_types` - Optional filter for edge types (None means all types)
/// * `max_hops` - Maximum path length
///
/// # Returns
/// Some(PathResult) if path found, None otherwise
pub fn bfs(
graph: &GraphStore,
start: u64,
end: u64,
edge_types: Option<&[String]>,
max_hops: usize,
) -> Option<PathResult> {
if start == end {
return Some(PathResult::new().with_nodes(vec![start]));
}
let mut queue = VecDeque::new();
let mut visited = HashSet::new();
let mut parent: HashMap<u64, (u64, u64)> = HashMap::new(); // node -> (parent_node, edge_id)
queue.push_back((start, 0)); // (node_id, depth)
visited.insert(start);
while let Some((current, depth)) = queue.pop_front() {
if depth >= max_hops {
continue;
}
// Get outgoing edges
let edges = graph.edges.get_outgoing(current);
for edge in edges {
// Filter by edge type if specified
if let Some(types) = edge_types {
if !types.contains(&edge.edge_type) {
continue;
}
}
let next = edge.target;
if !visited.contains(&next) {
visited.insert(next);
parent.insert(next, (current, edge.id));
if next == end {
// Reconstruct path
return Some(reconstruct_path(&parent, start, end));
}
queue.push_back((next, depth + 1));
}
}
}
None
}
/// Depth-First Search with visitor pattern
///
/// # Arguments
/// * `graph` - The graph to search
/// * `start` - Starting node ID
/// * `visitor` - Function called for each visited node, returns false to stop traversal
pub fn dfs<F>(graph: &GraphStore, start: u64, mut visitor: F)
where
F: FnMut(u64) -> bool,
{
let mut visited = HashSet::new();
let mut stack = vec![start];
while let Some(current) = stack.pop() {
if visited.contains(&current) {
continue;
}
visited.insert(current);
// Call visitor
if !visitor(current) {
break;
}
// Add neighbors to stack
let neighbors = graph.edges.get_neighbors(current);
for neighbor in neighbors.into_iter().rev() {
if !visited.contains(&neighbor) {
stack.push(neighbor);
}
}
}
}
/// State for Dijkstra's algorithm
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct DijkstraState {
node: u64,
cost: f64,
#[allow(dead_code)]
edge: Option<u64>,
}
impl PartialEq for DijkstraState {
fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
self.cost == other.cost
}
}
impl Eq for DijkstraState {}
impl PartialOrd for DijkstraState {
fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
// Reverse ordering for min-heap
other.cost.partial_cmp(&self.cost)
}
}
impl Ord for DijkstraState {
fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
self.partial_cmp(other).unwrap_or(Ordering::Equal)
}
}
/// Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm with weighted edges
///
/// # Arguments
/// * `graph` - The graph to search
/// * `start` - Starting node ID
/// * `end` - Target node ID
/// * `weight_property` - Name of edge property to use as weight (defaults to 1.0 if missing)
///
/// # Returns
/// Some(PathResult) with weighted cost if path found, None otherwise
pub fn shortest_path_dijkstra(
graph: &GraphStore,
start: u64,
end: u64,
weight_property: &str,
) -> Option<PathResult> {
if start == end {
return Some(PathResult::new().with_nodes(vec![start]).with_cost(0.0));
}
let mut heap = BinaryHeap::new();
let mut distances: HashMap<u64, f64> = HashMap::new();
let mut parent: HashMap<u64, (u64, u64)> = HashMap::new();
distances.insert(start, 0.0);
heap.push(DijkstraState {
node: start,
cost: 0.0,
edge: None,
});
while let Some(DijkstraState { node, cost, .. }) = heap.pop() {
if node == end {
let mut result = reconstruct_path(&parent, start, end);
result.cost = cost;
return Some(result);
}
// Skip if we've found a better path already
if let Some(&best_cost) = distances.get(&node) {
if cost > best_cost {
continue;
}
}
// Check all neighbors
let edges = graph.edges.get_outgoing(node);
for edge in edges {
let next = edge.target;
let weight = edge.weight(weight_property);
let next_cost = cost + weight;
let is_better = distances
.get(&next)
.map_or(true, |&current_cost| next_cost < current_cost);
if is_better {
distances.insert(next, next_cost);
parent.insert(next, (node, edge.id));
heap.push(DijkstraState {
node: next,
cost: next_cost,
edge: Some(edge.id),
});
}
}
}
None
}
/// Reconstruct path from parent map
fn reconstruct_path(parent: &HashMap<u64, (u64, u64)>, start: u64, end: u64) -> PathResult {
let mut nodes = Vec::new();
let mut edges = Vec::new();
let mut current = end;
nodes.push(current);
while current != start {
if let Some(&(prev, edge_id)) = parent.get(&current) {
edges.push(edge_id);
nodes.push(prev);
current = prev;
} else {
// Path broken, should not happen
break;
}
}
nodes.reverse();
edges.reverse();
PathResult::new().with_nodes(nodes).with_edges(edges)
}
/// Find all paths between two nodes (up to max_paths)
pub fn find_all_paths(
graph: &GraphStore,
start: u64,
end: u64,
max_hops: usize,
max_paths: usize,
) -> Vec<PathResult> {
let mut paths = Vec::new();
let mut current_path = Vec::new();
let mut visited = HashSet::new();
fn dfs_all_paths(
graph: &GraphStore,
current: u64,
end: u64,
max_hops: usize,
max_paths: usize,
current_path: &mut Vec<u64>,
visited: &mut HashSet<u64>,
paths: &mut Vec<PathResult>,
) {
if paths.len() >= max_paths {
return;
}
if current_path.len() > max_hops {
return;
}
current_path.push(current);
visited.insert(current);
if current == end {
paths.push(PathResult::new().with_nodes(current_path.clone()));
} else {
let neighbors = graph.edges.get_neighbors(current);
for neighbor in neighbors {
if !visited.contains(&neighbor) {
dfs_all_paths(
graph,
neighbor,
end,
max_hops,
max_paths,
current_path,
visited,
paths,
);
}
}
}
current_path.pop();
visited.remove(&current);
}
dfs_all_paths(
graph,
start,
end,
max_hops,
max_paths,
&mut current_path,
&mut visited,
&mut paths,
);
paths
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
use std::collections::HashMap;
fn create_test_graph() -> GraphStore {
let graph = GraphStore::new();
// Create nodes: 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4
// \-> 5 ->/
let n1 = graph.add_node(vec![], HashMap::new());
let n2 = graph.add_node(vec![], HashMap::new());
let n3 = graph.add_node(vec![], HashMap::new());
let n4 = graph.add_node(vec![], HashMap::new());
let n5 = graph.add_node(vec![], HashMap::new());
graph
.add_edge(n1, n2, "KNOWS".to_string(), HashMap::new())
.unwrap();
graph
.add_edge(n2, n3, "KNOWS".to_string(), HashMap::new())
.unwrap();
graph
.add_edge(n3, n4, "KNOWS".to_string(), HashMap::new())
.unwrap();
graph
.add_edge(n1, n5, "KNOWS".to_string(), HashMap::new())
.unwrap();
graph
.add_edge(n5, n4, "KNOWS".to_string(), HashMap::new())
.unwrap();
graph
}
#[test]
fn test_bfs() {
let graph = create_test_graph();
let path = bfs(&graph, 1, 4, None, 10).unwrap();
assert_eq!(path.len(), 3); // Shortest path: 1 -> 5 -> 4
assert_eq!(path.nodes, vec![1, 5, 4]);
}
#[test]
fn test_dfs() {
let graph = create_test_graph();
let mut visited = Vec::new();
dfs(&graph, 1, |node| {
visited.push(node);
true
});
assert!(visited.contains(&1));
assert!(visited.len() <= 5);
}
#[test]
fn test_dijkstra() {
let graph = GraphStore::new();
let n1 = graph.add_node(vec![], HashMap::new());
let n2 = graph.add_node(vec![], HashMap::new());
let n3 = graph.add_node(vec![], HashMap::new());
graph
.add_edge(
n1,
n2,
"KNOWS".to_string(),
HashMap::from([("weight".to_string(), 5.0.into())]),
)
.unwrap();
graph
.add_edge(
n2,
n3,
"KNOWS".to_string(),
HashMap::from([("weight".to_string(), 3.0.into())]),
)
.unwrap();
graph
.add_edge(
n1,
n3,
"KNOWS".to_string(),
HashMap::from([("weight".to_string(), 10.0.into())]),
)
.unwrap();
let path = shortest_path_dijkstra(&graph, n1, n3, "weight").unwrap();
assert_eq!(path.cost, 8.0); // 5 + 3
assert_eq!(path.nodes, vec![n1, n2, n3]);
}
#[test]
fn test_find_all_paths() {
let graph = create_test_graph();
let paths = find_all_paths(&graph, 1, 4, 10, 10);
assert!(paths.len() >= 2); // At least two paths from 1 to 4
}
}