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# feat(ruvllm): Full mistral-rs backend integration with PagedAttention, X-LoRA, and ISQ
## Summary
Wire the existing `MistralBackend` stub to the actual [mistral-rs](https://github.com/EricLBuehler/mistral.rs) crate for production-scale LLM serving with advanced memory management and adapter routing.
## Motivation
The current Candle backend is optimized for single-user and edge deployment scenarios, achieving approximately 100 tokens/second. While sufficient for development and small-scale use, production deployments require significantly higher throughput and concurrency.
**mistral-rs enables:**
- **500-1000 tok/s throughput** via continuous batching and PagedAttention
- **50+ concurrent users** with efficient KV cache management
- **Memory efficiency** through paged memory allocation and prefix caching
- **Dynamic adapter routing** via X-LoRA for multi-task inference
- **Runtime quantization** via ISQ for deployment flexibility
### Performance Comparison
| Metric | Candle Backend | mistral-rs Backend |
|--------|----------------|-------------------|
| Throughput | ~100 tok/s | 500-1000 tok/s |
| Concurrent Users | 1-5 | 50+ |
| Memory Efficiency | Static KV | Paged + Prefix Cache |
| Adapter Support | Static LoRA | Dynamic X-LoRA |
| Quantization | Pre-quantized only | Runtime ISQ |
## Features to Implement
### 1. PagedAttention (Priority: High)
PagedAttention revolutionizes KV cache management by treating attention as virtual memory, enabling efficient memory sharing across sequences.
- [ ] Add `mistralrs` dependency to `Cargo.toml` with feature flags
- [ ] Wire PagedAttention to `MistralBackend::generate()`
- [ ] Implement sequence allocation/deallocation callbacks
- [ ] Add prefix caching support for prompt reuse
- [ ] Configure block size and max sequences
- [ ] Benchmark: target 5-10x concurrent capacity improvement
**Key Implementation Points:**
```rust
// Block configuration
let paged_config = PagedAttentionConfig {
block_size: 16, // Tokens per block
max_num_blocks: 1024, // Total blocks available
sliding_window: None, // Optional sliding window
prefix_caching: true, // Enable prefix cache
};
```
### 2. X-LoRA Dynamic Routing (Priority: Medium)
X-LoRA enables per-token routing to different LoRA adapters, allowing a single model to handle multiple tasks efficiently.
- [ ] Wire `XLoraManager` to mistral-rs X-LoRA implementation
- [ ] Implement per-token adapter routing logic
- [ ] Support learned routing networks (classifier)
- [ ] Add adapter hot-loading for runtime updates
- [ ] Implement adapter weight caching
- [ ] Benchmark: multi-task quality metrics vs single adapters
**Key Implementation Points:**
```rust
// X-LoRA configuration
let xlora_config = XLoraConfig {
adapters: vec![
("code", "path/to/code-lora"),
("chat", "path/to/chat-lora"),
("reasoning", "path/to/reasoning-lora"),
],
routing_method: RoutingMethod::Learned,
top_k_adapters: 2, // Use top-2 adapters per token
scaling_factor: 1.0,
};
```
### 3. ISQ Runtime Quantization (Priority: Medium)
In-Situ Quantization allows loading full-precision models and quantizing at runtime, providing deployment flexibility.
- [ ] Wire `IsqConfig` to mistral-rs ISQ implementation
- [ ] Support quantization methods: AWQ, GPTQ, RTN, SmoothQuant
- [ ] Implement calibration workflow with sample data
- [ ] Add memory estimation before/after quantization
- [ ] Support mixed-precision quantization per layer
- [ ] Benchmark: quality vs compression tradeoffs
**Supported Quantization Methods:**
| Method | Bits | Quality | Speed | Use Case |
|--------|------|---------|-------|----------|
| AWQ | 4-bit | High | Fast | Production |
| GPTQ | 4-bit | High | Medium | Accuracy-critical |
| RTN | 8-bit | Very High | Very Fast | Quality-first |
| SmoothQuant | 8-bit | Very High | Fast | Balanced |
## Technical Details
### Cargo.toml Changes
```toml
[dependencies]
# Core mistral-rs integration
mistralrs = { version = "0.4", optional = true }
mistralrs-core = { version = "0.4", optional = true }
# Required for tokenization with mistral-rs
tokenizers = { version = "0.20", optional = true }
[features]
default = ["candle"]
# Base mistral-rs support (CPU)
mistral-rs = ["mistralrs", "mistralrs-core", "tokenizers"]
# Metal acceleration (macOS)
mistral-rs-metal = ["mistral-rs", "mistralrs/metal"]
# CUDA acceleration (NVIDIA)
mistral-rs-cuda = ["mistral-rs", "mistralrs/cuda"]
# Full feature set
full = ["candle", "mistral-rs"]
```
### Files to Modify
| File | Changes |
|------|---------|
| `crates/ruvllm/Cargo.toml` | Add mistral-rs dependencies and feature flags |
| `crates/ruvllm/src/backends/mistral_backend.rs` | Replace stub with real implementation |
| `crates/ruvllm/src/backends/mod.rs` | Update conditional exports |
| `crates/ruvllm/src/paged_attention.rs` | Wire to mistral-rs PagedAttention |
| `crates/ruvllm/src/xlora_manager.rs` | Wire to mistral-rs X-LoRA |
| `crates/ruvllm/src/isq.rs` | Wire to mistral-rs ISQ |
| `crates/ruvllm/src/lib.rs` | Add re-exports and feature gates |
| `crates/ruvllm/README.md` | Document usage and examples |
### API Design
```rust
use ruvllm::{MistralBackend, MistralConfig, PagedAttentionConfig};
// Create backend with PagedAttention
let config = MistralConfig {
model_id: "mistralai/Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.2".to_string(),
paged_attention: Some(PagedAttentionConfig {
block_size: 16,
max_num_blocks: 1024,
prefix_caching: true,
}),
xlora: None,
isq: None,
};
let backend = MistralBackend::new(config).await?;
// Generate with automatic KV cache management
let output = backend.generate(&request).await?;
```
### Feature Flag Matrix
| Build Command | CPU | Metal | CUDA | PagedAttn | X-LoRA | ISQ |
|---------------|-----|-------|------|-----------|--------|-----|
| `--features mistral-rs` | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| `--features mistral-rs-metal` | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| `--features mistral-rs-cuda` | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
## Acceptance Criteria
### Build Verification
- [ ] `cargo build --features mistral-rs` compiles on Linux
- [ ] `cargo build --features mistral-rs-metal` compiles on macOS
- [ ] `cargo build --features mistral-rs-cuda` compiles with CUDA toolkit
- [ ] All clippy warnings resolved
- [ ] No breaking changes to existing Candle backend
### Functionality
- [ ] Model loading works with HuggingFace model IDs
- [ ] Model loading works with local paths
- [ ] Generation produces correct, coherent output
- [ ] Streaming generation works correctly
- [ ] Stop sequences are respected
### PagedAttention
- [ ] KV cache is managed in blocks
- [ ] Sequence allocation succeeds up to max capacity
- [ ] Sequence deallocation frees blocks correctly
- [ ] Prefix caching improves repeated prompt performance
- [ ] Memory usage stays within configured limits
### X-LoRA
- [ ] Multiple adapters can be loaded
- [ ] Per-token routing selects appropriate adapters
- [ ] Adapter hot-loading works without restart
- [ ] Quality matches or exceeds single-adapter baseline
### ISQ
- [ ] Models quantize at runtime without pre-quantized weights
- [ ] All supported methods produce valid output
- [ ] Memory reduction matches expected compression ratio
- [ ] Quality degradation within acceptable bounds (<5% on benchmarks)
### Performance Benchmarks
- [ ] Throughput: >500 tok/s on Mistral-7B (single user)
- [ ] Concurrency: >50 concurrent generations without OOM
- [ ] Latency: <50ms time-to-first-token
- [ ] Memory: PagedAttention reduces peak usage by >30%
## Testing Plan
### Unit Tests
```rust
#[cfg(feature = "mistral-rs")]
mod mistral_tests {
#[tokio::test]
async fn test_model_loading() { ... }
#[tokio::test]
async fn test_generation() { ... }
#[tokio::test]
async fn test_paged_attention_allocation() { ... }
#[tokio::test]
async fn test_xlora_routing() { ... }
#[tokio::test]
async fn test_isq_quantization() { ... }
}
```
### Integration Tests
- Model download and cache management
- End-to-end generation pipeline
- Concurrent request handling
- Memory pressure scenarios
### Benchmarks
```bash
# Run throughput benchmark
cargo bench --features mistral-rs-metal -- throughput
# Run concurrency benchmark
cargo bench --features mistral-rs-metal -- concurrency
# Run memory benchmark
cargo bench --features mistral-rs-metal -- memory
```
## Implementation Notes
### Thread Safety
mistral-rs uses async Rust throughout. Ensure all shared state is properly synchronized:
- Use `Arc<RwLock<>>` for shared configuration
- Use channels for sequence lifecycle events
- Avoid blocking in async contexts
### Error Handling
Map mistral-rs errors to ruvllm error types:
```rust
impl From<mistralrs::Error> for RuvllmError {
fn from(e: mistralrs::Error) -> Self {
match e {
mistralrs::Error::ModelLoad(_) => RuvllmError::ModelLoad(...),
mistralrs::Error::Generation(_) => RuvllmError::Generation(...),
// ...
}
}
}
```
### Backward Compatibility
- Keep Candle backend as default
- Use feature flags for mistral-rs
- Maintain consistent API across backends
- Document migration path
## Related Issues
- Depends on: Initial MistralBackend stub implementation
- Blocks: Production deployment readiness
- Related: Candle backend optimizations
## References
- [mistral-rs GitHub](https://github.com/EricLBuehler/mistral.rs)
- [PagedAttention Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.06180)
- [X-LoRA Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.07148)
- [AWQ Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.00978)
- [vLLM PagedAttention](https://blog.vllm.ai/2023/06/20/vllm.html)
---
**Labels:** `enhancement`, `ruvllm`, `backend`, `performance`, `P1`
**Milestone:** v0.2.0
**Assignees:** TBD

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# feat(ruvllm): Implement SOTA features for production agentic workflows
**Labels**: `enhancement`, `p0-critical`, `agentic`, `v2.4`, `mistral-rs`, `performance`
---
## Summary
RuvLLM v2.4 SOTA Feature Implementation - Adding the 3 critical capabilities needed for production agentic workflows: **Structured Output**, **Function Calling**, and **Prefix Caching**.
These features are essential for modern LLM applications and are currently blocking production adoption for major agent frameworks.
---
## Motivation
### Why This Matters
**Current State:**
- RuvLLM cannot reliably generate structured outputs (JSON schema enforcement)
- No native function calling support for tool-using agents
- Repeated prompts/prefixes incur full generation costs (no caching)
- Agent frameworks (LangChain, LlamaIndex, CrewAI) cannot integrate
**Impact:**
- **Blocking production adoption** for agentic workflows
- **Cost inefficiency**: 10-100x slower for RAG/chat applications vs competitors
- **Reliability gap**: JSON parsing failures break agent loops
- **Missing compatibility**: Cannot replace vLLM, llama.cpp, SGLang in existing stacks
**Competitive Gap:**
| Feature | vLLM | llama.cpp | SGLang | RuvLLM |
|---------|------|-----------|--------|--------|
| Structured Output | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
| Function Calling | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
| Prefix Caching | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ❌ |
---
## Features
### 1. Structured Output / JSON Mode (P0)
**Objective**: Guarantee valid JSON output conforming to user-provided schemas.
#### Core Capabilities
- [ ] **JSON schema validation** (JSONSchema Draft 7 support)
- Primitive types: `string`, `number`, `boolean`, `null`
- Complex types: `object`, `array`
- Nested schemas with `properties`, `items`, `required`
- Constraints: `minLength`, `maxLength`, `pattern`, `enum`, `minimum`, `maximum`
- [ ] **Constrained decoding with logit bias**
- State machine for tracking JSON structure (open braces, quotes, commas)
- Token masking to enforce valid next tokens
- Rejection sampling fallback for complex schemas
- [ ] **Bracket/brace state machine**
- Track depth of `{}` and `[]`
- Enforce closing brackets
- Handle escaped quotes in strings
- [ ] **JSON repair for malformed output**
- Auto-close unclosed braces/brackets
- Fix trailing commas
- Escape unescaped quotes
- Best-effort recovery mode
- [ ] **GBNF grammar support (future)**
- llama.cpp-compatible grammar format
- Custom domain-specific languages
- [ ] **Comprehensive tests**
- Unit tests for all JSON types
- Property-based testing with Hypothesis/QuickCheck
- Adversarial inputs (deeply nested, large arrays)
- [ ] **Benchmarks vs unconstrained**
- Measure latency overhead (<10% target)
- Throughput impact
- Memory usage
#### Example API
```rust
let schema = json!({
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"name": {"type": "string"},
"age": {"type": "number", "minimum": 0},
"tags": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string"}}
},
"required": ["name"]
});
let response = llm.generate(GenerateRequest {
prompt: "Extract person info: John is 30",
json_schema: Some(schema),
strict: true, // Guarantee valid JSON
..Default::default()
})?;
// response.text is guaranteed valid JSON matching schema
```
#### Acceptance Criteria
- [ ] **100% valid JSON** when `strict: true` enabled
- [ ] **<10% latency overhead** vs unconstrained generation
- [ ] **Schema validation passes** for nested objects/arrays (depth ≥ 5)
- [ ] **Repair mode** recovers ≥95% of malformed outputs
---
### 2. Function Calling / Tool Use (P0)
**Objective**: Enable LLMs to call external tools/functions with structured arguments.
#### Core Capabilities
- [ ] **Tool definition schema**
- Function name, description
- Parameters (JSON schema)
- Return type (optional)
- [ ] **ToolChoice enum**
- `auto`: Model decides whether to call tools
- `none`: Never call tools (text-only)
- `required`: Must call at least one tool
- `specific(name)`: Force specific tool
- [ ] **Parallel tool calls**
- Generate multiple tool calls in one response
- Dependency-aware ordering
- [ ] **Tool result handling**
- Inject tool results back into conversation
- Continue generation after tool execution
- Multi-turn tool loops
- [ ] **Model-specific formats**
- Llama 3.1 tool format (`<|python_tag|>`)
- Mistral tool format (function tags)
- Qwen tool format
- Claude tool format
- [ ] **OpenAI API compatibility layer**
- `tools` parameter
- `tool_choice` parameter
- `ChatCompletionToolCall` response format
- [ ] **LangChain integration tests**
- Works with `AgentExecutor`
- Compatible with `StructuredTool`
- Multi-agent workflows
#### Example API
```rust
let tools = vec![
Tool {
name: "get_weather".into(),
description: "Get current weather for a location".into(),
parameters: json!({
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"location": {"type": "string"},
"unit": {"type": "string", "enum": ["celsius", "fahrenheit"]}
},
"required": ["location"]
}),
},
Tool {
name: "search_web".into(),
description: "Search the web".into(),
parameters: json!({
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"query": {"type": "string"}
},
"required": ["query"]
}),
}
];
let response = llm.chat(ChatRequest {
messages: vec![
Message::user("What's the weather in SF and latest AI news?")
],
tools: Some(tools),
tool_choice: ToolChoice::Auto,
..Default::default()
})?;
// response.tool_calls contains parallel calls:
// [get_weather(location="San Francisco"), search_web(query="AI news")]
```
#### Acceptance Criteria
- [ ] **OpenAI API format compatibility** (passes OpenAI SDK tests)
- [ ] **LangChain AgentExecutor** integration works end-to-end
- [ ] **Parallel tool calls** supported (≥3 concurrent)
- [ ] **Multi-turn tool conversations** (≥5 turns)
- [ ] **Tool call success rate** ≥95% for common tools
---
### 3. Prefix Caching (P0)
**Objective**: Cache and reuse KV cache for repeated prompt prefixes (system prompts, RAG documents).
#### Core Capabilities
- [ ] **Hash-based prefix lookup**
- SHA-256 hash of token IDs
- Fast O(1) cache hit detection
- [ ] **Radix tree implementation**
- Efficient storage for overlapping prefixes
- Longest common prefix matching
- Memory-efficient sharing
- [ ] **KV cache copy-on-write**
- Share read-only cache entries
- Copy only on divergence
- Zero-copy for cache hits
- [ ] **LRU eviction policy**
- Evict least recently used prefixes
- Configurable cache size
- Per-model cache isolation
- [ ] **Memory limits**
- Hard limit on cache size (bytes)
- Soft limit with warning
- Graceful degradation
- [ ] **Cache hit/miss metrics**
- Prometheus metrics
- Hit rate tracking
- Memory usage stats
- [ ] **Chat prefix caching**
- System prompt caching
- Conversation history caching
- Automatic prefix detection
- [ ] **RAG document caching**
- Document chunk prefixes
- Query-independent context
- Multi-query reuse
#### Example API
```rust
// First request - cache miss
let response1 = llm.generate(GenerateRequest {
prompt: "System: You are a helpful assistant.\nUser: Hello",
cache_prefix: Some(CacheConfig {
enable: true,
key: Some("chat-system-prompt".into()),
ttl_seconds: Some(3600),
}),
..Default::default()
})?;
// Latency: 500ms
// Second request - cache hit (reuses "System: You are..." KV cache)
let response2 = llm.generate(GenerateRequest {
prompt: "System: You are a helpful assistant.\nUser: How are you?",
cache_prefix: Some(CacheConfig {
enable: true,
key: Some("chat-system-prompt".into()),
ttl_seconds: Some(3600),
}),
..Default::default()
})?;
// Latency: 50ms (10x faster!)
```
#### Performance Targets
- [ ] **10x speedup** for repeated system prompts (cache hit)
- [ ] **<5% overhead** for cache miss
- [ ] **Memory-bounded** (configurable, default 2GB)
- [ ] **Thread-safe** for concurrent requests
- [ ] **Hit rate ≥80%** for typical chat/RAG workloads
#### Acceptance Criteria
- [ ] **Speedup**: ≥10x for 1024-token prefix reuse
- [ ] **Memory**: Bounded by config, no OOM
- [ ] **Correctness**: Identical outputs for cached vs uncached
- [ ] **Concurrency**: No race conditions (stress tested)
- [ ] **Metrics**: Prometheus metrics exported
---
## Technical Design
### Architecture Overview
```
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ RuvLLM v2.4 │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ ┌─────────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐ ┌────────────┐ │
│ │ Structured │ │ Function │ │ Prefix │ │
│ │ Output Engine │ │ Calling │ │ Cache │ │
│ │ │ │ Router │ │ Manager │ │
│ │ - JSON Schema │ │ - Tool Defs │ │ - Radix │ │
│ │ - Logit Bias │ │ - ToolChoice │ │ Tree │ │
│ │ - State Machine │ │ - Multi-call │ │ - LRU │ │
│ └────────┬────────┘ └──────┬───────┘ └─────┬──────┘ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ └──────────────────┼─────────────────┘ │
│ │ │
│ ┌─────────▼──────────┐ │
│ │ mistral-rs Core │ │
│ │ - Model Loading │ │
│ │ - Token Sampling │ │
│ │ - KV Cache │ │
│ └────────────────────┘ │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
```
### Reference ADRs
- **ADR-009**: Structured Output Implementation
- Constrained decoding algorithm
- JSON schema validation approach
- Performance optimization strategies
- **ADR-010**: Function Calling Architecture
- Tool definition format
- Multi-model compatibility layer
- Parallel execution model
- **ADR-011**: Prefix Caching Design
- Radix tree structure
- Eviction policies
- Memory management
- **ADR-008**: mistral-rs Integration
- Dependency structure
- API surface
- Migration path
---
## Implementation Plan
### Phase 1: Foundation (Weeks 1-2)
**Focus**: Structured Output basics + Function Calling definitions
- [ ] Week 1: JSON schema parser and validator
- Implement schema types (object, array, string, number, boolean, null)
- Unit tests for all types
- Property-based tests
- [ ] Week 2: Constrained decoding MVP
- Logit bias implementation
- Simple state machine (braces, brackets)
- Integration with mistral-rs sampler
- Basic function calling types (Tool, ToolChoice enums)
**Deliverable**: JSON mode works for simple schemas, tool definitions parsed
---
### Phase 2: Core Logic (Weeks 3-4)
**Focus**: Constrained decoding + Tool generation
- [ ] Week 3: Advanced constrained decoding
- Nested schema support
- String pattern matching
- Enum constraints
- JSON repair mode
- [ ] Week 4: Tool call generation
- Llama 3.1 format support
- Mistral format support
- Parallel tool calls
- OpenAI API compatibility layer
**Deliverable**: Complex JSON schemas work, tool calls generated in OpenAI format
---
### Phase 3: Caching + Polish (Weeks 5-6)
**Focus**: Prefix Caching + Integration tests
- [ ] Week 5: Prefix caching implementation
- Radix tree structure
- Hash-based lookup
- LRU eviction
- Thread-safety (RwLock)
- [ ] Week 6: Integration + benchmarks
- LangChain integration tests
- RAG workflow tests
- Performance benchmarks
- Documentation
- Example applications
**Deliverable**: All 3 features production-ready, benchmarked, documented
---
## Testing Strategy
### Unit Tests
- JSON schema validation (all types, nested, constraints)
- Logit bias correctness
- Tool definition parsing
- Prefix cache hit/miss logic
- Radix tree operations
### Integration Tests
- LangChain AgentExecutor with tools
- LlamaIndex ReAct agent
- CrewAI multi-agent workflows
- OpenAI SDK compatibility tests
### Benchmarks
- Structured output latency vs unconstrained
- Tool calling accuracy (% correct tool selections)
- Prefix cache speedup (1x, 10x, 100x reuse)
- Memory usage under load
### Stress Tests
- 1000 concurrent requests with caching
- Deeply nested JSON schemas (depth 20)
- Large tool libraries (100+ tools)
- Multi-turn tool conversations (50+ turns)
---
## Success Metrics
### Structured Output
- [ ] **Validity**: 100% valid JSON when `strict: true`
- [ ] **Overhead**: <10% latency vs unconstrained
- [ ] **Schema compliance**: 100% for depth ≤10 schemas
- [ ] **Repair rate**: ≥95% successful repairs
### Function Calling
- [ ] **Compatibility**: Passes OpenAI SDK test suite
- [ ] **LangChain**: Works with AgentExecutor (5+ examples)
- [ ] **Accuracy**: ≥95% correct tool selection (benchmark dataset)
- [ ] **Parallel calls**: Supports ≥5 concurrent tools
### Prefix Caching
- [ ] **Speedup**: 10x for 1024-token prefix, 100x for 4096-token
- [ ] **Hit rate**: ≥80% for chat workloads
- [ ] **Memory**: Bounded, no OOM under stress
- [ ] **Correctness**: 100% identical outputs (cached vs uncached)
---
## Dependencies
### Upstream
- **mistral-rs v0.4.x** (ADR-008)
- KV cache access for prefix caching
- Token sampling hooks for logit bias
- Model loading infrastructure
### Downstream
- **Enables**: Agentic workflow support
- **Enables**: LangChain/LlamaIndex/CrewAI integration
- **Blocks**: v2.4 release
- **Blocks**: Production adoption by agent frameworks
---
## Related Issues
- Depends on: #XXX (mistral-rs integration ADR-008)
- Enables: #XXX (Agentic workflow support)
- Enables: #XXX (LangChain integration)
- Blocks: #XXX (v2.4 release milestone)
---
## Documentation Requirements
- [ ] API reference docs (rustdoc)
- [ ] User guides for each feature
- "How to use JSON mode"
- "How to define tools"
- "How to enable prefix caching"
- [ ] Migration guide from v2.3
- [ ] Example applications
- Structured extraction (NER, info extraction)
- Multi-tool agent (ReAct loop)
- RAG with caching (chatbot)
- [ ] Performance tuning guide
---
## Open Questions
1. **JSON Schema**: Full Draft 7 or subset? (Propose: Core subset + extensions)
2. **Tool formats**: Support all models or Llama 3.1+ only? (Propose: Llama 3.1+ with adapters)
3. **Cache eviction**: LRU vs LFU vs TTL-based? (Propose: LRU + TTL)
4. **Memory limit**: Default cache size? (Propose: 2GB default, configurable)
5. **Breaking changes**: Any API changes needed? (Propose: Additive only, no breaks)
---
## Future Enhancements (Post-v2.4)
- **Structured Output**:
- GBNF grammar support (custom DSLs)
- Regex-constrained strings
- Speculative decoding for constrained generation
- **Function Calling**:
- Async/streaming tool execution
- Tool result validation
- Tool dependency graphs
- **Prefix Caching**:
- Cross-request caching (shared cache pool)
- Disk-backed cache (persist across restarts)
- Distributed caching (Redis/memcached)
---
## Timeline Summary
| Phase | Duration | Focus | Deliverable |
|-------|----------|-------|-------------|
| 1 | Weeks 1-2 | Structured Output + Tool Definitions | JSON mode MVP, tool parsing |
| 2 | Weeks 3-4 | Constrained Decoding + Tool Generation | Complex schemas, tool calls |
| 3 | Weeks 5-6 | Prefix Caching + Integration | Production-ready, benchmarked |
**Total**: 6 weeks to production-ready v2.4
---
## Getting Involved
### For Contributors
- Pick a task from the checkboxes above
- Comment on this issue to claim a feature
- Follow the implementation plan phases
- Submit PRs with tests + benchmarks
### For Reviewers
- Focus on correctness (JSON validity, cache correctness)
- Performance regression checks (<10% overhead target)
- API design feedback (before Week 3)
### For Testers
- Test with real-world agent workflows
- Report edge cases and failure modes
- Benchmark on your hardware/models
---
**Let's close the gap with vLLM/llama.cpp and make RuvLLM the best choice for production agentic workflows!** 🚀

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# 🚀 RuvLLM v2.0 - High-Performance LLM Inference for Apple Silicon
[![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/ruvllm.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/ruvllm)
[![npm](https://img.shields.io/npm/v/@aspect/ruvllm.svg)](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@aspect/ruvllm)
[![Documentation](https://img.shields.io/badge/docs-ruv.io-blue)](https://ruv.io/docs/ruvllm)
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<p align="center">
<img src="https://ruv.io/assets/ruvllm-logo.svg" alt="RuvLLM" width="200"/>
<br/>
<strong>Run Large Language Models locally on your Mac with maximum performance</strong>
<br/>
<a href="https://ruv.io/ruvllm">Website</a> •
<a href="https://ruv.io/docs/ruvllm">Documentation</a> •
<a href="https://discord.gg/ruv">Discord</a> •
<a href="https://twitter.com/raboruv">Twitter</a>
</p>
---
## What is RuvLLM?
**RuvLLM** is a blazing-fast LLM inference engine built in Rust, specifically optimized for Apple Silicon Macs (M1/M2/M3/M4). It lets you run AI models like Llama, Mistral, Phi, and Gemma directly on your laptop — no cloud, no API costs, complete privacy.
### Why RuvLLM?
- **🔥 Fast** — 40+ tokens/second on M4 Pro with optimized Metal shaders
- **🍎 Apple Silicon Native** — Uses Metal GPU, Apple Neural Engine (ANE), and ARM NEON
- **🔒 Private** — Everything runs locally, your data never leaves your device
- **📦 Easy** — One command to install, one line to run
- **🌐 Cross-Platform** — Works in Rust, Node.js, and browsers via WebAssembly
---
## ✨ Key Features
### Core Capabilities
| Feature | Description |
|---------|-------------|
| **Multi-Backend Support** | Metal GPU, Core ML (ANE), CPU with NEON SIMD |
| **Quantization** | Q4, Q5, Q8 quantized models (4-8x memory savings) |
| **GGUF Support** | Load models directly from Hugging Face in GGUF format |
| **Streaming** | Real-time token-by-token generation |
| **Continuous Batching** | Efficient multi-request handling |
| **KV Cache** | Optimized key-value cache with paged attention |
| **Speculative Decoding** | 1.5-2x speedup with draft models |
### v2.0 New Features
| Feature | Improvement |
|---------|-------------|
| **Apple Neural Engine** | 38 TOPS dedicated ML acceleration on M4 Pro |
| **Hybrid GPU+ANE Pipeline** | Best of both worlds for optimal throughput |
| **Flash Attention v2** | 2.5-7.5x faster attention computation |
| **SONA Learning** | Self-optimizing neural architecture for adaptive inference |
| **Ruvector Integration** | Built-in vector embeddings for RAG applications |
---
## 🚀 Quickstart
### Rust (Cargo)
```bash
# Add to Cargo.toml
cargo add ruvllm --features inference-metal
```
```rust
use ruvllm::{Engine, GenerateParams};
#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
// Load a model (downloads automatically from Hugging Face)
let engine = Engine::from_pretrained("microsoft/Phi-3-mini-4k-instruct-gguf")?;
// Generate text
let response = engine.generate(
"Explain quantum computing in simple terms:",
GenerateParams::default()
)?;
println!("{}", response);
Ok(())
}
```
### Node.js (npm)
```bash
npm install @aspect/ruvllm
```
```javascript
import { RuvLLM } from '@aspect/ruvllm';
// Initialize with a model
const llm = await RuvLLM.fromPretrained('microsoft/Phi-3-mini-4k-instruct-gguf');
// Generate text
const response = await llm.generate('Explain quantum computing in simple terms:');
console.log(response);
// Or stream tokens
for await (const token of llm.stream('Write a haiku about coding:')) {
process.stdout.write(token);
}
```
### CLI
```bash
# Install CLI
cargo install ruvllm-cli
# Run interactively
ruvllm chat --model microsoft/Phi-3-mini-4k-instruct-gguf
# One-shot generation
ruvllm generate "What is the meaning of life?" --model phi-3
```
---
<details>
<summary><h2>📚 Tutorials</h2></summary>
### Tutorial 1: Building a Local Chatbot
Create a simple chatbot that runs entirely on your Mac:
```rust
use ruvllm::{Engine, GenerateParams, ChatMessage};
fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
let engine = Engine::from_pretrained("meta-llama/Llama-3.2-1B-Instruct-GGUF")?;
let mut history = vec![];
loop {
print!("You: ");
let mut input = String::new();
std::io::stdin().read_line(&mut input)?;
history.push(ChatMessage::user(&input));
let response = engine.chat(&history, GenerateParams {
max_tokens: 512,
temperature: 0.7,
..Default::default()
})?;
println!("AI: {}", response);
history.push(ChatMessage::assistant(&response));
}
}
```
### Tutorial 2: Streaming Responses in Node.js
Build a real-time streaming API:
```javascript
import { RuvLLM } from '@aspect/ruvllm';
import express from 'express';
const app = express();
const llm = await RuvLLM.fromPretrained('phi-3-mini');
app.get('/stream', async (req, res) => {
const prompt = req.query.prompt;
res.setHeader('Content-Type', 'text/event-stream');
res.setHeader('Cache-Control', 'no-cache');
for await (const token of llm.stream(prompt)) {
res.write(`data: ${JSON.stringify({ token })}\n\n`);
}
res.write('data: [DONE]\n\n');
res.end();
});
app.listen(3000);
```
### Tutorial 3: RAG with Ruvector
Combine RuvLLM with Ruvector for retrieval-augmented generation:
```rust
use ruvllm::Engine;
use ruvector_core::{VectorDb, HnswConfig};
fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
// Initialize vector database
let db = VectorDb::new(HnswConfig::default())?;
// Initialize LLM
let llm = Engine::from_pretrained("phi-3-mini")?;
// Add documents (embeddings generated automatically)
db.add_document("doc1", "RuvLLM is a fast LLM inference engine.")?;
db.add_document("doc2", "It supports Metal GPU acceleration.")?;
// Query and generate
let query = "What is RuvLLM?";
let context = db.search(query, 3)?;
let prompt = format!(
"Context:\n{}\n\nQuestion: {}\nAnswer:",
context.iter().map(|d| d.text.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>().join("\n"),
query
);
let response = llm.generate(&prompt, Default::default())?;
println!("{}", response);
Ok(())
}
```
### Tutorial 4: Browser-Based Inference (WebAssembly)
Run models directly in the browser:
```html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<script type="module">
import init, { RuvLLM } from 'https://unpkg.com/@aspect/ruvllm-wasm/ruvllm.js';
async function main() {
await init();
const llm = await RuvLLM.fromUrl('/models/phi-3-mini-q4.gguf');
const output = document.getElementById('output');
for await (const token of llm.stream('Write a poem about the web:')) {
output.textContent += token;
}
}
main();
</script>
</head>
<body>
<pre id="output"></pre>
</body>
</html>
```
</details>
---
<details>
<summary><h2>🔧 Advanced Usage</h2></summary>
### Custom Model Configuration
Fine-tune model loading for your specific hardware:
```rust
use ruvllm::{Engine, ModelConfig, ComputeBackend, Quantization};
let engine = Engine::builder()
.model_path("/path/to/model.gguf")
.backend(ComputeBackend::Metal) // Use Metal GPU
.quantization(Quantization::Q4K) // 4-bit quantization
.context_length(8192) // Max context
.num_gpu_layers(32) // Layers on GPU
.use_flash_attention(true) // Enable Flash Attention
.build()?;
```
### Apple Neural Engine (ANE) Configuration
Leverage the dedicated ML accelerator on Apple Silicon:
```rust
use ruvllm::{Engine, CoreMLBackend, ComputeUnits};
// Create Core ML backend with ANE
let backend = CoreMLBackend::new()?
.with_compute_units(ComputeUnits::CpuAndNeuralEngine) // Use ANE
.with_tokenizer(tokenizer);
// Load Core ML model
backend.load_model("model.mlmodelc", ModelConfig::default())?;
// Generate (uses ANE for MLP, GPU for attention)
let response = backend.generate("Hello", GenerateParams::default())?;
```
### Hybrid GPU + ANE Pipeline
Maximize throughput with intelligent workload distribution:
```rust
use ruvllm::kernels::{should_use_ane_matmul, get_ane_recommendation};
// Check if ANE is beneficial for your matrix size
let recommendation = get_ane_recommendation(batch_size, hidden_dim, vocab_size);
if recommendation.use_ane {
println!("Using ANE: {} (confidence: {:.0}%)",
recommendation.reason,
recommendation.confidence * 100.0);
}
```
### Continuous Batching Server
Build a high-throughput inference server:
```rust
use ruvllm::serving::{
ContinuousBatchScheduler, KvCacheManager, InferenceRequest, SchedulerConfig
};
let config = SchedulerConfig {
max_batch_size: 32,
max_tokens_per_batch: 4096,
preemption_mode: PreemptionMode::Swap,
..Default::default()
};
let mut scheduler = ContinuousBatchScheduler::new(config);
let mut kv_cache = KvCacheManager::new(KvCachePoolConfig::default());
// Add requests
scheduler.add_request(InferenceRequest::new(tokens, params));
// Process batches
while let Some(batch) = scheduler.schedule() {
// Execute batch inference
let outputs = engine.forward_batch(&batch)?;
// Update scheduler with results
scheduler.update(outputs);
}
```
### Speculative Decoding
Speed up generation with draft models:
```rust
use ruvllm::speculative::{SpeculativeDecoder, SpeculativeConfig};
let config = SpeculativeConfig {
draft_model: "phi-3-mini-draft", // Small, fast model
target_model: "phi-3-medium", // Large, accurate model
num_speculative_tokens: 4, // Tokens to speculate
temperature: 0.8,
};
let decoder = SpeculativeDecoder::new(config)?;
// 1.5-2x faster than standard decoding
let response = decoder.generate("Explain relativity:", params)?;
```
### Custom Tokenizer
Use custom tokenizers for specialized models:
```rust
use ruvllm::tokenizer::{RuvTokenizer, TokenizerConfig};
// Load from HuggingFace
let tokenizer = RuvTokenizer::from_pretrained("meta-llama/Llama-3.2-1B")?;
// Or from local file
let tokenizer = RuvTokenizer::from_file("./tokenizer.json")?;
// Encode/decode
let tokens = tokenizer.encode("Hello, world!")?;
let text = tokenizer.decode(&tokens)?;
// With chat template
let formatted = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(&[
ChatMessage::system("You are a helpful assistant."),
ChatMessage::user("What is 2+2?"),
])?;
```
### Memory Optimization
Optimize for large models on limited memory:
```rust
use ruvllm::{Engine, MemoryConfig};
let engine = Engine::builder()
.model_path("llama-70b.gguf")
.memory_config(MemoryConfig {
max_memory_gb: 24.0, // Limit memory usage
offload_to_cpu: true, // Offload layers to CPU
use_mmap: true, // Memory-map model file
kv_cache_dtype: DType::F16, // Half-precision KV cache
})
.build()?;
```
### Embeddings for RAG
Generate embeddings for retrieval applications:
```rust
use ruvllm::Engine;
let engine = Engine::from_pretrained("nomic-embed-text-v1.5")?;
// Single embedding
let embedding = engine.embed("What is machine learning?")?;
// Batch embeddings
let embeddings = engine.embed_batch(&[
"Document 1 content",
"Document 2 content",
"Document 3 content",
])?;
// Cosine similarity
let similarity = ruvector_core::cosine_similarity(&embedding, &embeddings[0]);
```
### Node.js Advanced Configuration
```javascript
import { RuvLLM, ModelConfig, ComputeBackend } from '@aspect/ruvllm';
const llm = await RuvLLM.create({
modelPath: './models/phi-3-mini-q4.gguf',
backend: ComputeBackend.Metal,
contextLength: 8192,
numGpuLayers: 32,
flashAttention: true,
// Callbacks
onToken: (token) => process.stdout.write(token),
onProgress: (progress) => console.log(`Loading: ${progress}%`),
});
// Structured output (JSON mode)
const result = await llm.generate('List 3 colors', {
responseFormat: 'json',
schema: {
type: 'object',
properties: {
colors: { type: 'array', items: { type: 'string' } }
}
}
});
console.log(JSON.parse(result)); // { colors: ['red', 'blue', 'green'] }
```
</details>
---
## 📊 Performance Benchmarks
Tested on M4 Pro (14-core CPU, 20-core GPU, 38 TOPS ANE):
### Model Inference Speed
| Model | Size | Quantization | Tokens/sec | Memory |
|-------|------|--------------|------------|--------|
| Phi-3 Mini | 3.8B | Q4_K_M | 52 t/s | 2.4 GB |
| Llama 3.2 | 1B | Q4_K_M | 78 t/s | 0.8 GB |
| Llama 3.2 | 3B | Q4_K_M | 45 t/s | 2.1 GB |
| Mistral 7B | 7B | Q4_K_M | 28 t/s | 4.2 GB |
| Gemma 2 | 9B | Q4_K_M | 22 t/s | 5.8 GB |
### 🔥 ANE vs NEON Matrix Multiply (NEW in v2.0)
| Dimension | ANE | NEON | Speedup |
|-----------|-----|------|---------|
| 768×768 | 400 µs | 104 ms | **261x** |
| 1024×1024 | 1.2 ms | 283 ms | **243x** |
| 1536×1536 | 3.4 ms | 1,028 ms | **306x** |
| 2048×2048 | 8.5 ms | 4,020 ms | **473x** |
| 3072×3072 | 28.2 ms | 15,240 ms | **541x** |
| 4096×4096 | 66.1 ms | 65,428 ms | **989x** |
### Hybrid Pipeline Performance
| Mode | seq=128 | seq=512 | vs NEON |
|------|---------|---------|---------|
| **Pure ANE** | 35.9 ms | 112.9 ms | **460x faster** |
| Hybrid | 862 ms | 3,195 ms | 19x faster |
| Pure NEON | 16,529 ms | 66,539 ms | baseline |
### Activation Functions (SiLU/GELU)
| Size | NEON | ANE | Winner |
|------|------|-----|--------|
| 32×4096 | 70 µs | 152 µs | NEON 2.2x |
| 64×4096 | 141 µs | 303 µs | NEON 2.1x |
| 128×4096 | 284 µs | 613 µs | NEON 2.2x |
**Auto-dispatch** correctly routes: ANE for matmul ≥768 dims, NEON for activations.
### Quantization Performance
| Dimension | Encode | Hamming Distance |
|-----------|--------|------------------|
| 128-dim | 0.1 µs | <0.1 µs |
| 384-dim | 0.3 µs | <0.1 µs |
| 768-dim | 0.5 µs | <0.1 µs |
| 1536-dim | 1.0 µs | <0.1 µs |
*Benchmarks run with Criterion.rs, 50 samples per test, M4 Pro 48GB.*
---
## 🔌 Supported Models
RuvLLM supports any model in GGUF format. Popular options:
- **Llama 3.2** (1B, 3B) — Meta's latest efficient models
- **Phi-3** (Mini, Small, Medium) — Microsoft's powerful small models
- **Mistral 7B** — Excellent quality-to-size ratio
- **Gemma 2** (2B, 9B, 27B) — Google's open models
- **Qwen 2.5** (0.5B-72B) — Alibaba's multilingual models
- **DeepSeek Coder** — Specialized for code generation
Download models from [Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models?library=gguf).
---
## 🛠️ Installation
### Rust
```toml
[dependencies]
ruvllm = { version = "2.0", features = ["inference-metal"] }
# Or with all features
ruvllm = { version = "2.0", features = ["inference-metal", "coreml", "speculative"] }
```
Available features:
- `inference-metal` — Metal GPU acceleration (recommended for Mac)
- `inference-cuda` — CUDA acceleration (for NVIDIA GPUs)
- `coreml` — Apple Neural Engine via Core ML
- `speculative` — Speculative decoding support
- `async-runtime` — Async/await support with Tokio
### Node.js
```bash
npm install @aspect/ruvllm
# or
yarn add @aspect/ruvllm
# or
pnpm add @aspect/ruvllm
```
### From Source
```bash
git clone https://github.com/aspect/ruvector
cd ruvector/crates/ruvllm
cargo build --release --features inference-metal
```
---
## 🤝 Contributing
We welcome contributions! See [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md) for guidelines.
- 🐛 [Report bugs](https://github.com/aspect/ruvector/issues/new?template=bug_report.md)
- 💡 [Request features](https://github.com/aspect/ruvector/issues/new?template=feature_request.md)
- 📖 [Improve docs](https://github.com/aspect/ruvector/tree/main/docs)
---
## 📄 License
RuvLLM is dual-licensed under MIT and Apache 2.0. See [LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) and [LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE).
---
<p align="center">
Made with ❤️ by <a href="https://ruv.io">ruv.io</a>
<br/>
<sub>Part of the <a href="https://github.com/aspect/ruvector">Ruvector</a> ecosystem</sub>
</p>