chore: bump version to 0.10.3

* fix: escape dots and special characters in DNS label text per RFC 1035 §5.1

Closes #36

read_qname was pushing raw label bytes directly into the output string,
producing ambiguous text for labels containing dots, backslashes, or
non-printable bytes. fanf2 spotted this on HN: wire format
`[8]exa.mple[3]com[0]` (two labels, first containing a literal 0x2E)
was rendered as `exa.mple.com`, indistinguishable from three labels.

Fix both sides of the text representation per RFC 1035 §5.1:

read_qname — when rendering wire bytes to text:
- literal `.` within a label → `\.`
- literal `\` → `\\`
- bytes outside 0x21..=0x7E → `\DDD` (3-digit decimal)
- printable ASCII passes through unchanged

write_qname — when parsing text back to wire:
- `\.` produces a literal 0x2E inside the current label (not a separator)
- `\\` produces a literal 0x5C
- `\DDD` produces the byte with that decimal value (0..=255)
- unescaped `.` still separates labels, empty labels still skipped
- rejects trailing `\`, short `\DD`, and `\DDD` > 255

Impact in practice is low — real-world domains don't contain dots in
labels — but it's a correctness bug in the wire format parser that
could cause round-trip failures with adversarial input. The parser is
the core of the project, so correctness bugs take priority over
practical impact.

Adds 16 unit tests in a new `#[cfg(test)] mod tests` block covering:
plain domain read/write, literal-dot escaping on both sides, backslash
escaping, non-printable + space decimal escapes, full round-trip
preservation, and the three rejection cases for malformed escapes.

Credit: fanf2 (https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=47612321)

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* refactor: stream label writes directly into buffer (review feedback)

The first cut of this fix delegated write_qname to a helper
(parse_escaped_labels) that built Vec<Vec<u8>> up-front, then iterated
to emit the wire bytes. On a plain-ASCII domain like "www.google.com"
that's ~4 heap allocations per write_qname call, and record.rs calls
write_qname ~6 times per response — so this PR would regress
bench_buffer_serialize by roughly 24 extra allocations per response
vs. main, where the old non-escaping code had zero.

Rewrite write_qname as a streaming byte-level loop that reserves the
length byte up-front, writes the label body directly into the buffer,
then backpatches the length via set(). Zero intermediate allocations
on the common path, and the 63-byte label cap is now checked
incrementally so oversized labels fail fast.

Byte-level scanning is safe for UTF-8 input: continuation bytes are
always in 0x80..=0xBF, so they can never collide with the ASCII `.`
(0x2E) or `\` (0x5C) that drive label splitting and escape parsing.

Also inline the \DDD rendering in read_qname to avoid the per-byte
format!() allocation on non-printable input. Plain-ASCII reads hit
the unchanged push(c as char) fast path, so the common case has zero
regression.

The parse_escaped_labels helper is deleted — no remaining callers.

All 158 tests pass, clippy + fmt clean. Collapses three review
findings (HIGH allocation regression, MEDIUM format! allocation,
MEDIUM .unwrap() after digit guard) in one pass.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix: route dnssec::name_to_wire through write_qname for escape handling

Closes #55.

dnssec::name_to_wire was a parallel implementation of the old
write_qname's splitting loop — it iterated qname.split('.') and pushed
raw bytes. It predated and duplicated the buffer.rs logic, and it did
not understand RFC 1035 §5.1 text escapes. After the read_qname fix in
this PR, names that come out of read_qname can contain \., \\, or
\DDD sequences; feeding those back into the old name_to_wire would
split on the literal '.' inside a \. sequence and produce corrupt
RRSIG signed-data blobs.

The underlying bug predates this PR — the old read_qname was broken
too, so both sides of the DNSSEC canonical form pipeline were
silently wrong in the same way. Making read_qname correct exposed the
divergence, so it's fixed here in the same PR that introduced the
exposure.

Reimplement name_to_wire on top of BytePacketBuffer::write_qname:
reserve a scratch buffer, let write_qname handle the escape parsing
and length-byte framing, copy the emitted bytes into a Vec, then
walk the wire once more to lowercase label bodies (length bytes stay
untouched). Canonical form per RFC 4034 §6.2 requires the
lowercasing, and it has to happen post-escape-resolution — a
decimal escape like \065 produces 0x41 ('A'), which must be
lowercased to 'a' in the final wire bytes.

Call sites in build_signed_data, record_to_canonical_wire,
record_rdata_canonical, and nsec3_hash are unchanged — the public
signature stays the same, infallible Vec<u8> return.

Tests:
- name_to_wire_escaped_dot_in_label_is_not_a_separator — verifies
  the fanf2 example round-trips correctly through canonical form
- name_to_wire_decimal_escape_is_lowercased — verifies post-escape
  lowercasing (the subtle correctness requirement)
- existing name_to_wire_root, name_to_wire_domain, ds_verification
  tests still pass unchanged

Test count: 158 → 160.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* refactor: tighten name_to_wire per review feedback

- Replace hand-rolled per-byte lowercase loop with stdlib
  [u8]::make_ascii_lowercase(). Shorter and idiomatic.
- Tighten the .expect() message to state the actual invariant
  (parseable DNS name) instead of vague "well-formed" language.
- Replace the doc comment's "see #55" with the real invariant —
  issue numbers rot, and by merge time #55 is closed anyway. The
  comment now explains WHY the lowercase pass has to happen
  post-escape-resolution (\065 → 'A' → 'a') instead of during
  write_qname.
- Drop the redundant `\065` test comment (the one-liner version
  is enough with the assertion showing the transform).

No behavior change; 160 tests still pass, clippy + fmt clean.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

* test: cover label cap and empty-label rollback; trim doc comments

Closes coverage gaps left by PR #54:

- write_rejects_label_over_63_bytes: pins the incremental 63-byte cap
  inside write_qname's inner loop (boundary at 63 vs 64).
- write_skips_empty_labels: pins the rollback branch (pos = len_pos)
  triggered by leading or consecutive dots.

Doc comments tightened:

- write_qname: drop the streaming-impl walkthrough and the escape-grammar
  restatement (already documented on read_qname).
- name_to_wire: drop the implementation explanation; keep the
  post-escape lowercasing rationale, which pins behavior a future
  refactor could silently break.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

---------

Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+version: 2
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: "cargo"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "monthly"
+    commit-message:
+      prefix: "chore(deps)"
+    groups:
+      minor-and-patch:
+        patterns: ["*"]
+        update-types: ["minor", "patch"]
+
+  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "monthly"
+    commit-message:
+      prefix: "chore(deps)"
+    groups:
+      minor-and-patch:
+        patterns: ["*"]
+        update-types: ["minor", "patch"]
+
+  - package-ecosystem: "docker"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "monthly"
+    commit-message:
+      prefix: "chore(deps)"
+    groups:
+      minor-and-patch:
+        patterns: ["*"]
+        update-types: ["minor", "patch"]

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ jobs:
   check:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
         with:
           components: rustfmt, clippy
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ jobs:
   check-macos:
     runs-on: macos-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
       - name: clippy
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ jobs:
   check-windows:
     runs-on: windows-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
       - name: build
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: test
         run: cargo test
       - name: Upload binary
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
         with:
           name: numa-windows-x86_64
           path: target/debug/numa.exe

.github/workflows/homebrew-bump.yml

@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 name: Bump Homebrew Tap
 
 on:
-  release:
-    types: [published]
+  workflow_call:
+    inputs:
+      version:
+        description: 'Version to bump (e.g. 0.10.0 or v0.10.0)'
+        type: string
+        required: true
   workflow_dispatch:
     inputs:
       version:
@@ -16,17 +20,14 @@ jobs:
   bump:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
       - name: Determine version
         id: ver
+        env:
+          INPUT_VERSION: ${{ inputs.version }}
         run: |
-          if [ "${{ github.event_name }}" = "release" ]; then
-            V="${{ github.event.release.tag_name }}"
-          else
-            V="${{ github.event.inputs.version }}"
-          fi
-          V="${V#v}"
+          V="${INPUT_VERSION#v}"
           echo "version=$V" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
 
       - name: Fetch sha256 checksums from release assets

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ jobs:
 
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
       - name: Install Rust
         uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ jobs:
           (Get-FileHash "${{ matrix.name }}.zip" -Algorithm SHA256).Hash.ToLower() + "  ${{ matrix.name }}.zip" | Out-File "${{ matrix.name }}.zip.sha256" -Encoding ascii
 
       - name: Upload artifact
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
         with:
           name: ${{ matrix.name }}
           path: |
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ jobs:
   publish:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
 
       - name: Install Rust
         uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
@@ -96,23 +96,22 @@ jobs:
     needs: [build, publish]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+      - uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
         with:
           merge-multiple: true
 
       - name: Create Release
         uses: softprops/action-gh-release@v2
         with:
-          # Use a PAT (not the default GITHUB_TOKEN) so the resulting
-          # `release: published` event propagates to downstream workflows
-          # like homebrew-bump.yml. Events triggered by GITHUB_TOKEN are
-          # deliberately not propagated by GitHub Actions to prevent
-          # infinite loops; PAT-authored events are the documented escape
-          # hatch. Reusing HOMEBREW_TAP_GITHUB_TOKEN (already a PAT used
-          # by homebrew-bump.yml itself) keeps the secret surface flat.
-          token: ${{ secrets.HOMEBREW_TAP_GITHUB_TOKEN }}
           generate_release_notes: true
           files: |
             *.tar.gz
             *.zip
             *.sha256
+
+  bump-homebrew:
+    needs: release
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/homebrew-bump.yml
+    with:
+      version: ${{ github.ref_name }}
+    secrets: inherit

.github/workflows/static.yml

@@ -30,18 +30,18 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - name: Install pandoc
         run: sudo apt-get install -y pandoc
       - name: Generate blog HTML
         run: make blog
       - name: Setup Pages
-        uses: actions/configure-pages@v5
+        uses: actions/configure-pages@v6
       - name: Upload artifact
-        uses: actions/upload-pages-artifact@v3
+        uses: actions/upload-pages-artifact@v4
         with:
           # Upload entire repository
           path: './site'
       - name: Deploy to GitHub Pages
         id: deployment
-        uses: actions/deploy-pages@v4
+        uses: actions/deploy-pages@v5

Cargo.lock

@@ -17,6 +17,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "memchr",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "alloca"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e5a7d05ea6aea7e9e64d25b9156ba2fee3fdd659e34e41063cd2fc7cd020d7f4"
+dependencies = [
+ "cc",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "anes"
 version = "0.1.6"
@@ -75,18 +84,18 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arc-swap"
-version = "1.9.0"
+version = "1.9.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a07d1f37ff60921c83bdfc7407723bdefe89b44b98a9b772f225c8f9d67141a6"
+checksum = "6a3a1fd6f75306b68087b831f025c712524bcb19aad54e557b1129cfa0a2b207"
 dependencies = [
  "rustversion",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "asn1-rs"
-version = "0.6.2"
+version = "0.7.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5493c3bedbacf7fd7382c6346bbd66687d12bbaad3a89a2d2c303ee6cf20b048"
+checksum = "56624a96882bb8c26d61312ae18cb45868e5a9992ea73c58e45c3101e56a1e60"
 dependencies = [
  "asn1-rs-derive",
  "asn1-rs-impl",
@@ -94,15 +103,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "nom",
  "num-traits",
  "rusticata-macros",
- "thiserror 1.0.69",
+ "thiserror",
  "time",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "asn1-rs-derive"
-version = "0.5.1"
+version = "0.6.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "965c2d33e53cb6b267e148a4cb0760bc01f4904c1cd4bb4002a085bb016d1490"
+checksum = "3109e49b1e4909e9db6515a30c633684d68cdeaa252f215214cb4fa1a5bfee2c"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -368,25 +377,24 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "criterion"
-version = "0.5.1"
+version = "0.8.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f2b12d017a929603d80db1831cd3a24082f8137ce19c69e6447f54f5fc8d692f"
+checksum = "950046b2aa2492f9a536f5f4f9a3de7b9e2476e575e05bd6c333371add4d98f3"
 dependencies = [
+ "alloca",
  "anes",
  "cast",
  "ciborium",
  "clap",
  "criterion-plot",
- "is-terminal",
  "itertools",
  "num-traits",
- "once_cell",
  "oorandom",
+ "page_size",
  "plotters",
  "rayon",
  "regex",
  "serde",
- "serde_derive",
  "serde_json",
  "tinytemplate",
  "walkdir",
@@ -394,9 +402,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "criterion-plot"
-version = "0.5.0"
+version = "0.8.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6b50826342786a51a89e2da3a28f1c32b06e387201bc2d19791f622c673706b1"
+checksum = "d8d80a2f4f5b554395e47b5d8305bc3d27813bacb73493eb1001e8f76dae29ea"
 dependencies = [
  "cast",
  "itertools",
@@ -441,9 +449,9 @@ checksum = "d7a1e2f27636f116493b8b860f5546edb47c8d8f8ea73e1d2a20be88e28d1fea"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "der-parser"
-version = "9.0.0"
+version = "10.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5cd0a5c643689626bec213c4d8bd4d96acc8ffdb4ad4bb6bc16abf27d5f4b553"
+checksum = "07da5016415d5a3c4dd39b11ed26f915f52fc4e0dc197d87908bc916e51bc1a6"
 dependencies = [
  "asn1-rs",
  "displaydoc",
@@ -702,12 +710,6 @@ version = "0.16.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "841d1cc9bed7f9236f321df977030373f4a4163ae1a7dbfe1a51a2c1a51d9100"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "hermit-abi"
-version = "0.5.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fc0fef456e4baa96da950455cd02c081ca953b141298e41db3fc7e36b1da849c"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "http"
 version = "1.4.0"
@@ -755,9 +757,9 @@ checksum = "df3b46402a9d5adb4c86a0cf463f42e19994e3ee891101b1841f30a545cb49a9"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hyper"
-version = "1.8.1"
+version = "1.9.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2ab2d4f250c3d7b1c9fcdff1cece94ea4e2dfbec68614f7b87cb205f24ca9d11"
+checksum = "6299f016b246a94207e63da54dbe807655bf9e00044f73ded42c3ac5305fbcca"
 dependencies = [
  "atomic-waker",
  "bytes",
@@ -770,7 +772,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "httpdate",
  "itoa",
  "pin-project-lite",
- "pin-utils",
  "smallvec",
  "tokio",
  "want",
@@ -810,7 +811,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "percent-encoding",
  "pin-project-lite",
- "socket2 0.6.3",
+ "socket2",
  "tokio",
  "tower-service",
  "tracing",
@@ -944,17 +945,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "is-terminal"
-version = "0.4.17"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3640c1c38b8e4e43584d8df18be5fc6b0aa314ce6ebf51b53313d4306cca8e46"
-dependencies = [
- "hermit-abi",
- "libc",
- "windows-sys 0.61.2",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "is_terminal_polyfill"
 version = "1.70.2"
@@ -963,9 +953,9 @@ checksum = "a6cb138bb79a146c1bd460005623e142ef0181e3d0219cb493e02f7d08a35695"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "itertools"
-version = "0.10.5"
+version = "0.13.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b0fd2260e829bddf4cb6ea802289de2f86d6a7a690192fbe91b3f46e0f2c8473"
+checksum = "413ee7dfc52ee1a4949ceeb7dbc8a33f2d6c088194d9f922fb8318faf1f01186"
 dependencies = [
  "either",
 ]
@@ -1143,7 +1133,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "numa"
-version = "0.10.2"
+version = "0.10.3"
 dependencies = [
  "arc-swap",
  "axum",
@@ -1162,7 +1152,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustls-pemfile",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
- "socket2 0.5.10",
+ "socket2",
  "time",
  "tokio",
  "tokio-rustls",
@@ -1172,9 +1162,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "oid-registry"
-version = "0.7.1"
+version = "0.8.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a8d8034d9489cdaf79228eb9f6a3b8d7bb32ba00d6645ebd48eef4077ceb5bd9"
+checksum = "12f40cff3dde1b6087cc5d5f5d4d65712f34016a03ed60e9c08dcc392736b5b7"
 dependencies = [
  "asn1-rs",
 ]
@@ -1197,6 +1187,16 @@ version = "11.1.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d6790f58c7ff633d8771f42965289203411a5e5c68388703c06e14f24770b41e"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "page_size"
+version = "0.6.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "30d5b2194ed13191c1999ae0704b7839fb18384fa22e49b57eeaa97d79ce40da"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+ "winapi",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "pem"
 version = "3.0.6"
@@ -1219,12 +1219,6 @@ version = "0.2.17"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a89322df9ebe1c1578d689c92318e070967d1042b512afbe49518723f4e6d5cd"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "pin-utils"
-version = "0.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8b870d8c151b6f2fb93e84a13146138f05d02ed11c7e7c54f8826aaaf7c9f184"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "plotters"
 version = "0.3.7"
@@ -1314,8 +1308,8 @@ dependencies = [
  "quinn-udp",
  "rustc-hash",
  "rustls",
- "socket2 0.6.3",
- "thiserror 2.0.18",
+ "socket2",
+ "thiserror",
  "tokio",
  "tracing",
  "web-time",
@@ -1336,7 +1330,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustls",
  "rustls-pki-types",
  "slab",
- "thiserror 2.0.18",
+ "thiserror",
  "tinyvec",
  "tracing",
  "web-time",
@@ -1351,7 +1345,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "cfg_aliases",
  "libc",
  "once_cell",
- "socket2 0.6.3",
+ "socket2",
  "tracing",
  "windows-sys 0.60.2",
 ]
@@ -1422,9 +1416,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rcgen"
-version = "0.13.2"
+version = "0.14.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "75e669e5202259b5314d1ea5397316ad400819437857b90861765f24c4cf80a2"
+checksum = "10b99e0098aa4082912d4c649628623db6aba77335e4f4569ff5083a6448b32e"
 dependencies = [
  "pem",
  "ring",
@@ -1655,11 +1649,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_spanned"
-version = "0.6.9"
+version = "1.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bf41e0cfaf7226dca15e8197172c295a782857fcb97fad1808a166870dee75a3"
+checksum = "6662b5879511e06e8999a8a235d848113e942c9124f211511b16466ee2995f26"
 dependencies = [
- "serde",
+ "serde_core",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1698,16 +1692,6 @@ version = "1.15.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "67b1b7a3b5fe4f1376887184045fcf45c69e92af734b7aaddc05fb777b6fbd03"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "socket2"
-version = "0.5.10"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e22376abed350d73dd1cd119b57ffccad95b4e585a7cda43e286245ce23c0678"
-dependencies = [
- "libc",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "socket2"
 version = "0.6.3"
@@ -1761,33 +1745,13 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "thiserror"
-version = "1.0.69"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b6aaf5339b578ea85b50e080feb250a3e8ae8cfcdff9a461c9ec2904bc923f52"
-dependencies = [
- "thiserror-impl 1.0.69",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror"
 version = "2.0.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "4288b5bcbc7920c07a1149a35cf9590a2aa808e0bc1eafaade0b80947865fbc4"
 dependencies = [
- "thiserror-impl 2.0.18",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "thiserror-impl"
-version = "1.0.69"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4fee6c4efc90059e10f81e6d42c60a18f76588c3d74cb83a0b242a2b6c7504c1"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn",
+ "thiserror-impl",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1869,24 +1833,24 @@ checksum = "1f3ccbac311fea05f86f61904b462b55fb3df8837a366dfc601a0161d0532f20"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tokio"
-version = "1.50.0"
+version = "1.51.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "27ad5e34374e03cfffefc301becb44e9dc3c17584f414349ebe29ed26661822d"
+checksum = "f66bf9585cda4b724d3e78ab34b73fb2bbaba9011b9bfdf69dc836382ea13b8c"
 dependencies = [
  "bytes",
  "libc",
  "mio",
  "pin-project-lite",
- "socket2 0.6.3",
+ "socket2",
  "tokio-macros",
  "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tokio-macros"
-version = "2.6.1"
+version = "2.7.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5c55a2eff8b69ce66c84f85e1da1c233edc36ceb85a2058d11b0d6a3c7e7569c"
+checksum = "385a6cb71ab9ab790c5fe8d67f1645e6c450a7ce006a33de03daa956cf70a496"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -1918,44 +1882,42 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "toml"
-version = "0.8.23"
+version = "1.1.2+spec-1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dc1beb996b9d83529a9e75c17a1686767d148d70663143c7854d8b4a09ced362"
-dependencies = [
- "serde",
- "serde_spanned",
- "toml_datetime",
- "toml_edit",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "toml_datetime"
-version = "0.6.11"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "22cddaf88f4fbc13c51aebbf5f8eceb5c7c5a9da2ac40a13519eb5b0a0e8f11c"
-dependencies = [
- "serde",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "toml_edit"
-version = "0.22.27"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "41fe8c660ae4257887cf66394862d21dbca4a6ddd26f04a3560410406a2f819a"
+checksum = "81f3d15e84cbcd896376e6730314d59fb5a87f31e4b038454184435cd57defee"
 dependencies = [
  "indexmap",
- "serde",
+ "serde_core",
  "serde_spanned",
  "toml_datetime",
- "toml_write",
+ "toml_parser",
+ "toml_writer",
  "winnow",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "toml_write"
-version = "0.1.2"
+name = "toml_datetime"
+version = "1.1.1+spec-1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5d99f8c9a7727884afe522e9bd5edbfc91a3312b36a77b5fb8926e4c31a41801"
+checksum = "3165f65f62e28e0115a00b2ebdd37eb6f3b641855f9d636d3cd4103767159ad7"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde_core",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "toml_parser"
+version = "1.1.2+spec-1.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a2abe9b86193656635d2411dc43050282ca48aa31c2451210f4202550afb7526"
+dependencies = [
+ "winnow",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "toml_writer"
+version = "1.1.1+spec-1.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "756daf9b1013ebe47a8776667b466417e2d4c5679d441c26230efd9ef78692db"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tower"
@@ -2188,6 +2150,22 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustls-pki-types",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi"
+version = "0.3.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5c839a674fcd7a98952e593242ea400abe93992746761e38641405d28b00f419"
+dependencies = [
+ "winapi-i686-pc-windows-gnu",
+ "winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi-i686-pc-windows-gnu"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ac3b87c63620426dd9b991e5ce0329eff545bccbbb34f3be09ff6fb6ab51b7b6"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "winapi-util"
 version = "0.1.11"
@@ -2197,6 +2175,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "712e227841d057c1ee1cd2fb22fa7e5a5461ae8e48fa2ca79ec42cfc1931183f"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-link"
 version = "0.2.1"
@@ -2361,12 +2345,9 @@ checksum = "d6bbff5f0aada427a1e5a6da5f1f98158182f26556f345ac9e04d36d0ebed650"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "winnow"
-version = "0.7.15"
+version = "1.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "df79d97927682d2fd8adb29682d1140b343be4ac0f08fd68b7765d9c059d3945"
-dependencies = [
- "memchr",
-]
+checksum = "09dac053f1cd375980747450bfc7250c264eaae0583872e845c0c7cd578872b5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wit-bindgen"
@@ -2382,9 +2363,9 @@ checksum = "9edde0db4769d2dc68579893f2306b26c6ecfbe0ef499b013d731b7b9247e0b9"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "x509-parser"
-version = "0.16.0"
+version = "0.18.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fcbc162f30700d6f3f82a24bf7cc62ffe7caea42c0b2cba8bf7f3ae50cf51f69"
+checksum = "d43b0f71ce057da06bc0851b23ee24f3f86190b07203dd8f567d0b706a185202"
 dependencies = [
  "asn1-rs",
  "data-encoding",
@@ -2394,7 +2375,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "oid-registry",
  "ring",
  "rusticata-macros",
- "thiserror 1.0.69",
+ "thiserror",
  "time",
 ]
 

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "numa"
-version = "0.10.2"
+version = "0.10.3"
 authors = ["razvandimescu <razvan@dimescu.com>"]
 edition = "2021"
 description = "Portable DNS resolver in Rust — .numa local domains, ad blocking, developer overrides, DNS-over-HTTPS"
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ tokio = { version = "1", features = ["rt-multi-thread", "macros", "net", "time",
 axum = "0.8"
 serde = { version = "1", features = ["derive"] }
 serde_json = "1"
-toml = "0.8"
+toml = "1.1"
 log = "0.4"
 env_logger = "0.11"
 reqwest = { version = "0.12", features = ["rustls-tls", "gzip", "http2"], default-features = false }
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ hyper = { version = "1", features = ["client", "http1", "server"] }
 hyper-util = { version = "0.1", features = ["client-legacy", "http1", "tokio"] }
 http-body-util = "0.1"
 futures = "0.3"
-socket2 = { version = "0.5", features = ["all"] }
-rcgen = { version = "0.13", features = ["pem", "x509-parser"] }
+socket2 = { version = "0.6", features = ["all"] }
+rcgen = { version = "0.14", features = ["pem", "x509-parser"] }
 time = "0.3"
 rustls = "0.23"
 tokio-rustls = "0.26"
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ ring = "0.17"
 rustls-pemfile = "2.2.0"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-criterion = { version = "0.5", features = ["html_reports"] }
+criterion = { version = "0.8", features = ["html_reports"] }
 tower = { version = "0.5", features = ["util"] }
 http = "1"
 

Dockerfile

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-FROM rust:1.88-alpine AS builder
+FROM rust:1.94-alpine AS builder
 RUN apk add --no-cache musl-dev cmake make perl
 WORKDIR /app
 COPY Cargo.toml Cargo.lock ./
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ COPY numa.toml com.numa.dns.plist numa.service ./
 RUN touch src/main.rs src/lib.rs
 RUN cargo build --release
 
-FROM alpine:3.20
+FROM alpine:3.23
 COPY --from=builder /app/target/release/numa /usr/local/bin/numa
 EXPOSE 53/udp 80/tcp 443/tcp 853/tcp 5380/tcp
 ENTRYPOINT ["numa"]

src/buffer.rs

@@ -84,6 +84,11 @@ impl BytePacketBuffer {
 
     /// Read a qname, handling label compression (pointer jumps).
     /// Converts wire format like [3]www[6]google[3]com[0] into "www.google.com".
+    ///
+    /// Label bytes are escaped per RFC 1035 §5.1:
+    /// - literal `.` within a label → `\.`
+    /// - literal `\` → `\\`
+    /// - bytes outside `0x21..=0x7E` (excluding `.` and `\`) → `\DDD` (3-digit decimal)
     pub fn read_qname(&mut self, outstr: &mut String) -> Result<()> {
         let mut pos = self.pos();
         let mut jumped = false;
@@ -121,7 +126,18 @@ impl BytePacketBuffer {
 
                 let str_buffer = self.get_range(pos, len as usize)?;
                 for &b in str_buffer {
-                    outstr.push(b.to_ascii_lowercase() as char);
+                    let c = b.to_ascii_lowercase();
+                    match c {
+                        b'.' => outstr.push_str("\\."),
+                        b'\\' => outstr.push_str("\\\\"),
+                        0x21..=0x7E => outstr.push(c as char),
+                        _ => {
+                            outstr.push('\\');
+                            outstr.push((b'0' + c / 100) as char);
+                            outstr.push((b'0' + (c / 10) % 10) as char);
+                            outstr.push((b'0' + c % 10) as char);
+                        }
+                    }
                 }
 
                 delim = ".";
@@ -163,24 +179,68 @@ impl BytePacketBuffer {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    /// Write a qname in wire format, parsing RFC 1035 §5.1 text escapes.
+    /// See `read_qname` for the escape grammar.
     pub fn write_qname(&mut self, qname: &str) -> Result<()> {
         if qname.is_empty() || qname == "." {
             self.write_u8(0)?;
             return Ok(());
         }
 
-        for label in qname.split('.') {
-            let len = label.len();
-            if len == 0 {
-                continue; // skip empty labels from trailing dot
-            }
-            if len > 0x3f {
-                return Err("Single label exceeds 63 characters of length".into());
+        let bytes = qname.as_bytes();
+        let mut i = 0;
+        while i < bytes.len() {
+            let len_pos = self.pos;
+            self.write_u8(0)?; // placeholder length byte, backpatched below
+            let body_start = self.pos;
+
+            while i < bytes.len() && bytes[i] != b'.' {
+                let b = bytes[i];
+                if b == b'\\' {
+                    i += 1;
+                    let c1 = *bytes.get(i).ok_or("trailing backslash in qname")?;
+                    if c1.is_ascii_digit() {
+                        let c2 = *bytes
+                            .get(i + 1)
+                            .ok_or("invalid \\DDD escape: expected 3 digits")?;
+                        let c3 = *bytes
+                            .get(i + 2)
+                            .ok_or("invalid \\DDD escape: expected 3 digits")?;
+                        if !c2.is_ascii_digit() || !c3.is_ascii_digit() {
+                            return Err("invalid \\DDD escape: expected 3 digits".into());
+                        }
+                        let val =
+                            (c1 - b'0') as u16 * 100 + (c2 - b'0') as u16 * 10 + (c3 - b'0') as u16;
+                        if val > 255 {
+                            return Err(format!("\\DDD escape out of range: {}", val).into());
+                        }
+                        self.write_u8(val as u8)?;
+                        i += 3;
+                    } else {
+                        // \. \\ and any other \X → literal next byte
+                        self.write_u8(c1)?;
+                        i += 1;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    self.write_u8(b)?;
+                    i += 1;
+                }
+
+                if self.pos - body_start > 0x3f {
+                    return Err("Single label exceeds 63 characters of length".into());
+                }
             }
 
-            self.write_u8(len as u8)?;
-            for b in label.as_bytes() {
-                self.write_u8(*b)?;
+            let label_len = self.pos - body_start;
+            if label_len == 0 && i < bytes.len() {
+                // Empty label from leading/consecutive dots — roll back the placeholder.
+                self.pos = len_pos;
+            } else {
+                self.set(len_pos, label_len as u8)?;
+            }
+
+            if i < bytes.len() && bytes[i] == b'.' {
+                i += 1;
             }
         }
 
@@ -212,3 +272,160 @@ impl BytePacketBuffer {
         Ok(())
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn roundtrip(wire: &[u8]) -> String {
+        let mut buf = BytePacketBuffer::from_bytes(wire);
+        let mut out = String::new();
+        buf.read_qname(&mut out).unwrap();
+        out
+    }
+
+    fn write_then_read(text: &str) -> String {
+        let mut buf = BytePacketBuffer::new();
+        buf.write_qname(text).unwrap();
+        let wire_end = buf.pos();
+        buf.seek(0).unwrap();
+        let mut out = String::new();
+        buf.read_qname(&mut out).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(
+            buf.pos(),
+            wire_end,
+            "reader should consume exactly what writer wrote"
+        );
+        out
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn read_plain_domain() {
+        // [3]www[6]google[3]com[0]
+        let wire = b"\x03www\x06google\x03com\x00";
+        assert_eq!(roundtrip(wire), "www.google.com");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn read_label_with_literal_dot_is_escaped() {
+        // fanf2's example: [8]exa.mple[3]com[0] — two labels, first contains 0x2E
+        let wire = b"\x08exa.mple\x03com\x00";
+        assert_eq!(roundtrip(wire), "exa\\.mple.com");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn read_label_with_backslash_is_escaped() {
+        // [4]a\bc[3]com[0]
+        let wire = b"\x04a\\bc\x03com\x00";
+        assert_eq!(roundtrip(wire), "a\\\\bc.com");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn read_label_with_nonprintable_byte_uses_decimal_escape() {
+        // [4]\x00foo[3]com[0] — null byte at label start
+        let wire = b"\x04\x00foo\x03com\x00";
+        assert_eq!(roundtrip(wire), "\\000foo.com");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn read_label_with_space_uses_decimal_escape() {
+        // Space (0x20) is outside 0x21..=0x7E, so it must be decimal-escaped.
+        let wire = b"\x05a b c\x00";
+        assert_eq!(roundtrip(wire), "a\\032b\\032c");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn write_plain_domain() {
+        let mut buf = BytePacketBuffer::new();
+        buf.write_qname("www.google.com").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(&buf.buf[..buf.pos], b"\x03www\x06google\x03com\x00");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn write_escaped_dot_does_not_split_label() {
+        let mut buf = BytePacketBuffer::new();
+        buf.write_qname("exa\\.mple.com").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(&buf.buf[..buf.pos], b"\x08exa.mple\x03com\x00");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn write_escaped_backslash() {
+        let mut buf = BytePacketBuffer::new();
+        buf.write_qname("a\\\\bc.com").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(&buf.buf[..buf.pos], b"\x04a\\bc\x03com\x00");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn write_decimal_escape_yields_raw_byte() {
+        let mut buf = BytePacketBuffer::new();
+        buf.write_qname("\\000foo.com").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(&buf.buf[..buf.pos], b"\x04\x00foo\x03com\x00");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn write_skips_empty_labels() {
+        // Leading dot — first (empty) label is rolled back.
+        let mut buf = BytePacketBuffer::new();
+        buf.write_qname(".foo.com").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(&buf.buf[..buf.pos], b"\x03foo\x03com\x00");
+
+        // Consecutive dots — middle empty label is rolled back.
+        let mut buf = BytePacketBuffer::new();
+        buf.write_qname("foo..com").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(&buf.buf[..buf.pos], b"\x03foo\x03com\x00");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn write_rejects_out_of_range_decimal_escape() {
+        let mut buf = BytePacketBuffer::new();
+        assert!(buf.write_qname("\\999foo.com").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn write_rejects_trailing_backslash() {
+        let mut buf = BytePacketBuffer::new();
+        assert!(buf.write_qname("foo\\").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn write_rejects_short_decimal_escape() {
+        let mut buf = BytePacketBuffer::new();
+        assert!(buf.write_qname("\\1").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn write_rejects_label_over_63_bytes() {
+        // 64 bytes exceeds the wire-format label cap.
+        let mut buf = BytePacketBuffer::new();
+        assert!(buf.write_qname(&"a".repeat(64)).is_err());
+
+        // 63 bytes is the maximum permitted label length.
+        let mut buf = BytePacketBuffer::new();
+        assert!(buf.write_qname(&"a".repeat(63)).is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn roundtrip_preserves_dot_in_label() {
+        assert_eq!(write_then_read("exa\\.mple.com"), "exa\\.mple.com");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn roundtrip_preserves_backslash_in_label() {
+        assert_eq!(write_then_read("a\\\\b.com"), "a\\\\b.com");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn roundtrip_preserves_nonprintable_byte() {
+        assert_eq!(write_then_read("\\000foo.com"), "\\000foo.com");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn root_name_empty_and_dot_both_produce_single_zero() {
+        let mut a = BytePacketBuffer::new();
+        a.write_qname("").unwrap();
+        let mut b = BytePacketBuffer::new();
+        b.write_qname(".").unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(&a.buf[..a.pos], b"\x00");
+        assert_eq!(&b.buf[..b.pos], b"\x00");
+    }
+}

src/dnssec.rs

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use log::{debug, trace};
 use ring::digest;
 use ring::signature;
 
+use crate::buffer::BytePacketBuffer;
 use crate::cache::{DnsCache, DnssecStatus};
 use crate::packet::DnsPacket;
 use crate::question::QueryType;
@@ -720,22 +721,29 @@ pub fn verify_ds(ds: &DnsRecord, dnskey: &DnsRecord, owner: &str) -> bool {
 
 // -- Canonical wire format --
 
+/// Encode a DNS name in canonical wire form per RFC 4034 §6.2:
+/// uncompressed, with ASCII letters lowercased.
+///
+/// Lowercasing happens *after* escape resolution because `\065` yields
+/// `'A'`, which canonical form must convert to `'a'`.
 pub fn name_to_wire(name: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
-    let mut wire = Vec::with_capacity(name.len() + 2);
-    if name == "." || name.is_empty() {
-        wire.push(0);
-        return wire;
-    }
-    for label in name.split('.') {
-        if label.is_empty() {
-            continue;
-        }
-        wire.push(label.len() as u8);
-        for &b in label.as_bytes() {
-            wire.push(b.to_ascii_lowercase());
+    let mut buf = BytePacketBuffer::new();
+    buf.write_qname(name)
+        .expect("name_to_wire: input must parse as a valid DNS name");
+    let mut wire = buf.filled().to_vec();
+
+    let mut i = 0;
+    while i < wire.len() {
+        let label_len = wire[i] as usize;
+        if label_len == 0 {
+            break;
         }
+        i += 1;
+        let end = i + label_len;
+        wire[i..end].make_ascii_lowercase();
+        i = end;
     }
-    wire.push(0);
+
     wire
 }
 
@@ -1475,6 +1483,23 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn name_to_wire_escaped_dot_in_label_is_not_a_separator() {
+        // `exa\.mple.com` is two labels: `exa.mple` (8 bytes including the 0x2E) and `com`.
+        let wire = name_to_wire("exa\\.mple.com");
+        assert_eq!(
+            wire,
+            vec![8, b'e', b'x', b'a', b'.', b'm', b'p', b'l', b'e', 3, b'c', b'o', b'm', 0]
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn name_to_wire_decimal_escape_is_lowercased() {
+        // \065 = 'A', must become 'a' in canonical form.
+        let wire = name_to_wire("\\065bc.com");
+        assert_eq!(wire, vec![3, b'a', b'b', b'c', 3, b'c', b'o', b'm', 0]);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn parent_zone_cases() {
         assert_eq!(parent_zone("example.com"), "com");

src/system_dns.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,17 @@ use std::net::SocketAddr;
 
 use log::info;
 
+fn print_recursive_hint() {
+    let is_recursive = crate::config::load_config("numa.toml")
+        .map(|c| c.config.upstream.mode == crate::config::UpstreamMode::Recursive)
+        .unwrap_or(false);
+    if !is_recursive {
+        eprintln!("  Want full DNS sovereignty? Add to numa.toml:");
+        eprintln!("    [upstream]");
+        eprintln!("    mode = \"recursive\"\n");
+    }
+}
+
 fn is_loopback_or_stub(addr: &str) -> bool {
     matches!(addr, "127.0.0.1" | "127.0.0.53" | "0.0.0.0" | "::1" | "")
 }
@@ -688,9 +699,7 @@ fn install_windows() -> Result<(), String> {
     } else {
         eprintln!("  Numa will start automatically on next boot.\n");
     }
-    eprintln!("  Want full DNS sovereignty? Add to numa.toml:");
-    eprintln!("    [upstream]");
-    eprintln!("    mode = \"recursive\"\n");
+    print_recursive_hint();
     Ok(())
 }
 
@@ -1181,9 +1190,7 @@ fn install_service_macos() -> Result<(), String> {
     eprintln!("  Numa will auto-start on boot and restart if killed.");
     eprintln!("  Logs: /usr/local/var/log/numa.log");
     eprintln!("  Run 'sudo numa uninstall' to restore original DNS.\n");
-    eprintln!("  Want full DNS sovereignty? Add to numa.toml:");
-    eprintln!("    [upstream]");
-    eprintln!("    mode = \"recursive\"\n");
+    print_recursive_hint();
     Ok(())
 }
 
@@ -1388,9 +1395,7 @@ fn install_service_linux() -> Result<(), String> {
     eprintln!("  Numa will auto-start on boot and restart if killed.");
     eprintln!("  Logs: journalctl -u numa -f");
     eprintln!("  Run 'sudo numa uninstall' to restore original DNS.\n");
-    eprintln!("  Want full DNS sovereignty? Add to numa.toml:");
-    eprintln!("    [upstream]");
-    eprintln!("    mode = \"recursive\"\n");
+    print_recursive_hint();
     Ok(())
 }
 

src/tls.rs

@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use log::{info, warn};
 
 use crate::ctx::ServerCtx;
-use rcgen::{BasicConstraints, CertificateParams, DnType, IsCa, KeyPair, KeyUsagePurpose, SanType};
+use rcgen::{
+    BasicConstraints, CertificateParams, DnType, IsCa, Issuer, KeyPair, KeyUsagePurpose, SanType,
+};
 use rustls::pki_types::{CertificateDer, PrivateKeyDer, PrivatePkcs8KeyDer};
 use rustls::ServerConfig;
 use time::{Duration, OffsetDateTime};
@@ -87,8 +89,8 @@ pub fn build_tls_config(
     alpn: Vec<Vec<u8>>,
     data_dir: &Path,
 ) -> crate::Result<Arc<ServerConfig>> {
-    let (ca_cert, ca_key) = ensure_ca(data_dir)?;
-    let (cert_chain, key) = generate_service_cert(&ca_cert, &ca_key, tld, service_names)?;
+    let (ca_der, issuer) = ensure_ca(data_dir)?;
+    let (cert_chain, key) = generate_service_cert(&ca_der, &issuer, tld, service_names)?;
 
     // Ensure a crypto provider is installed (rustls needs one)
     let _ = rustls::crypto::ring::default_provider().install_default();
@@ -106,7 +108,7 @@ pub fn build_tls_config(
     Ok(Arc::new(config))
 }
 
-fn ensure_ca(dir: &Path) -> crate::Result<(rcgen::Certificate, KeyPair)> {
+fn ensure_ca(dir: &Path) -> crate::Result<(CertificateDer<'static>, Issuer<'static, KeyPair>)> {
     let ca_key_path = dir.join("ca.key");
     let ca_cert_path = dir.join(CA_FILE_NAME);
 
@@ -114,10 +116,12 @@ fn ensure_ca(dir: &Path) -> crate::Result<(rcgen::Certificate, KeyPair)> {
         let key_pem = std::fs::read_to_string(&ca_key_path)?;
         let cert_pem = std::fs::read_to_string(&ca_cert_path)?;
         let key_pair = KeyPair::from_pem(&key_pem)?;
-        let params = CertificateParams::from_ca_cert_pem(&cert_pem)?;
-        let cert = params.self_signed(&key_pair)?;
+        let ca_der = rustls_pemfile::certs(&mut cert_pem.as_bytes())
+            .next()
+            .ok_or("empty CA PEM file")??;
+        let issuer = Issuer::from_ca_cert_der(&ca_der, key_pair)?;
         info!("loaded CA from {:?}", ca_cert_path);
-        return Ok((cert, key_pair));
+        return Ok((ca_der, issuer));
     }
 
     // Generate new CA
@@ -145,14 +149,16 @@ fn ensure_ca(dir: &Path) -> crate::Result<(rcgen::Certificate, KeyPair)> {
     }
 
     info!("generated CA at {:?}", ca_cert_path);
-    Ok((cert, key_pair))
+    let ca_der = cert.der().clone();
+    let issuer = Issuer::new(params, key_pair);
+    Ok((ca_der, issuer))
 }
 
 /// Generate a cert with explicit SANs for each service name.
 /// Always regenerated at startup (~5ms) — no disk caching needed.
 fn generate_service_cert(
-    ca_cert: &rcgen::Certificate,
-    ca_key: &KeyPair,
+    ca_der: &CertificateDer<'static>,
+    issuer: &Issuer<'_, KeyPair>,
     tld: &str,
     service_names: &[String],
 ) -> crate::Result<(Vec<CertificateDer<'static>>, PrivateKeyDer<'static>)> {
@@ -187,7 +193,7 @@ fn generate_service_cert(
     params.not_before = OffsetDateTime::now_utc();
     params.not_after = OffsetDateTime::now_utc() + Duration::days(CERT_VALIDITY_DAYS);
 
-    let cert = params.signed_by(&key_pair, ca_cert, ca_key)?;
+    let cert = params.signed_by(&key_pair, issuer)?;
 
     info!(
         "generated TLS cert for: {}",
@@ -198,11 +204,11 @@ fn generate_service_cert(
             .join(", ")
     );
 
-    let cert_der = CertificateDer::from(cert.der().to_vec());
-    let ca_der = CertificateDer::from(ca_cert.der().to_vec());
+    let cert_der = cert.der().clone();
+    let ca_cert_der = ca_der.clone();
     let key_der = PrivateKeyDer::Pkcs8(PrivatePkcs8KeyDer::from(key_pair.serialize_der()));
 
-    Ok((vec![cert_der, ca_der], key_der))
+    Ok((vec![cert_der, ca_cert_der], key_der))
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]