Merge pull request #150 from razvandimescu/fix/refresh-honors-forwarding-rules

fix(cache): refresh honors forwarding rules (#147)

.github/workflows/publish-aur.yml

@@ -126,6 +126,10 @@ jobs:
           # ssh://aur@aur.archlinux.org/<package-name>.git
           git clone ssh://aur@aur.archlinux.org/$AUR_PKGNAME.git aur-repo
 
+          # AUR's git server no longer advertises HEAD's symref, so clone
+          # lands in detached HEAD. Attach to master before committing.
+          git -C aur-repo checkout master
+
           cp PKGBUILD aur-repo/
           cd aur-repo
 

.gitignore

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 /target
 /build-dir
 CLAUDE.md
+.claude/
 docs/
 site/blog/posts/
 ios/

Cargo.lock

@@ -1547,7 +1547,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "numa"
-version = "0.14.1"
+version = "0.14.2"
 dependencies = [
  "arc-swap",
  "axum",
@@ -2130,9 +2130,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustls-webpki"
-version = "0.103.12"
+version = "0.103.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8279bb85272c9f10811ae6a6c547ff594d6a7f3c6c6b02ee9726d1d0dcfcdd06"
+checksum = "61c429a8649f110dddef65e2a5ad240f747e85f7758a6bccc7e5777bd33f756e"
 dependencies = [
  "aws-lc-rs",
  "ring",

Cargo.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "numa"
-version = "0.14.1"
+version = "0.14.2"
 authors = ["razvandimescu <razvan@dimescu.com>"]
 edition = "2021"
 description = "Portable DNS resolver in Rust — .numa local domains, ad blocking, developer overrides, DNS-over-HTTPS"

README.md

@@ -125,6 +125,10 @@ docker run -d --name numa --network host \
 
 Multi-arch: `linux/amd64` and `linux/arm64`.
 
+Turnkey compose recipes:
+- [`packaging/client/`](packaging/client/) — ODoH client mode (anonymous DNS), Numa + starter `numa.toml`.
+- [`packaging/relay/`](packaging/relay/) — public ODoH relay, Numa + Caddy + ACME.
+
 ## How It Compares
 
 | | Pi-hole | AdGuard Home | Unbound | Numa |

numa.toml

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ api_port = 5380
 # [upstream]
 # mode = "forward"                              # "forward" (default) — relay to upstream
 #                                               # "recursive" — resolve from root hints (no address needed)
+#                                               # "odoh" — Oblivious DoH (see ODoH block below)
 # address = "9.9.9.9"                           # single upstream (plain UDP)
 # address = ["192.168.1.1", "9.9.9.9:5353"]    # multiple upstreams — SRTT picks fastest
 # address = "https://dns.quad9.net/dns-query"   # DNS-over-HTTPS (encrypted)
@@ -29,11 +30,29 @@ api_port = 5380
 # fallback = ["8.8.8.8", "1.1.1.1"]            # tried only when all primaries fail
 # port = 53                                     # default port for addresses without :port
 # timeout_ms = 3000
-# hedge_ms = 10                                  # request hedging delay (ms). After this delay
-#                                                # without a response, fires a parallel request
-#                                                # to the same upstream. Rescues packet loss (UDP),
-#                                                # dispatch spikes (DoH), TLS stalls (DoT).
-#                                                # Set to 0 to disable. Default: 10
+# hedge_ms = 0                                   # request hedging delay (ms). Default: 0 (off).
+#                                                # Set to e.g. 10 to fire a parallel upstream
+#                                                # request after 10ms of silence — rescues packet
+#                                                # loss (UDP), dispatch spikes (DoH), TLS stalls
+#                                                # (DoT). Doubles the upstream query count, so
+#                                                # leave off for quota'd providers (NextDNS,
+#                                                # Control D).
+
+# ODoH (Oblivious DNS-over-HTTPS, RFC 9230). The relay sees your IP but
+# not the question; the target sees the question but not your IP. Numa
+# refuses same-operator relay+target configs by default (eTLD+1 check).
+# [upstream]
+# mode = "odoh"
+# relay = "https://odoh-relay.numa.rs/relay"
+# target = "https://odoh.cloudflare-dns.com/dns-query"
+# strict = true                                 # default: refuse to downgrade to `fallback`
+#                                                # on relay failure. Set false to allow a
+#                                                # non-oblivious fallback path.
+# relay_ip = "178.104.229.30"                   # optional: pin IPs so numa doesn't leak the
+# target_ip = "104.16.249.249"                  # relay/target hostnames via the bootstrap
+#                                                # resolver on cold boot when numa is its
+#                                                # own system DNS. See
+#                                                # recipes/odoh-upstream.md.
 # root_hints = [                                # only used in recursive mode
 #     "198.41.0.4",      # a.root-servers.net (Verisign)
 #     "199.9.14.201",    # b.root-servers.net (USC-ISI)

packaging/client/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+# Numa ODoH Client — Docker deploy
+
+Single-container deploy that runs Numa as an ODoH (RFC 9230) client: every
+DNS query routes through an independent relay + target so neither operator
+sees both your IP and your question. See the [ODoH upstream recipe][odoh]
+for the protocol details and the bootstrap-pinning trade-offs.
+
+[odoh]: ../../recipes/odoh-upstream.md
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+- Docker + Docker Compose v2.
+- Port 53 (UDP+TCP) free on the host — Numa listens there for DNS
+  clients on your LAN.
+
+## Configure
+
+The shipped `numa.toml` points at Numa's own public relay
+(`odoh-relay.numa.rs`) paired with Cloudflare's ODoH target
+(`odoh.cloudflare-dns.com`). That's two independent operators with
+distinct eTLD+1s — the default configuration passes Numa's same-operator
+check and works out of the box.
+
+To use a different relay or target, edit `numa.toml` and adjust the URLs.
+The `relay` and `target` must resolve to distinct operators or Numa
+refuses to start.
+
+## Deploy
+
+```sh
+docker compose up -d
+docker compose logs -f numa        # watch startup
+```
+
+The first query fires the bootstrap resolver + ODoH config fetch;
+subsequent queries reuse the warm HTTP/2 connection.
+
+## Point your devices at it
+
+Set each device's DNS server to the IP of the Docker host. For a LAN-wide
+rollout, set the DNS server in your router's DHCP config so every device
+picks it up automatically.
+
+Verify a query landed on the ODoH path:
+
+```sh
+dig @<host-ip> example.com
+curl http://<host-ip>:5380/stats | jq '.upstream_transport.odoh'
+```
+
+`upstream_transport.odoh` should increment on each query.
+
+## What this does NOT buy you
+
+ODoH protects the *path*, not the content:
+
+- **The target (Cloudflare here) still sees the question.** It just
+  doesn't know it's you asking. If Cloudflare logs every ODoH query, the
+  query is still visible — it's simply unattributed.
+- **The relay is a trusted party for availability.** A malicious relay
+  can drop or delay queries; it just can't read them.
+- **Traffic analysis defeats small relays.** If you're the only client
+  talking to a relay, timing alone re-identifies you. Shared, busy relays
+  give better anonymity sets.
+
+See the [ODoH integration doc][odoh] for more.
+
+## Relay operator?
+
+If you'd rather run your own relay (same binary, different mode), see
+[`../relay/`](../relay/) — that package spins up a public-facing relay
+with Caddy + ACME in front of it.

packaging/client/docker-compose.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+services:
+  numa:
+    image: ghcr.io/razvandimescu/numa:latest
+    command: ["/etc/numa/numa.toml"]
+    ports:
+      - "53:53/udp"
+      - "53:53/tcp"
+      - "5380:5380/tcp"    # dashboard + REST API
+    volumes:
+      - ./numa.toml:/etc/numa/numa.toml:ro
+      - numa_data:/var/lib/numa
+    restart: unless-stopped
+
+volumes:
+  numa_data:

packaging/client/numa.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# Numa — ODoH client mode (docker-compose starter).
+# Sends every DNS query through an independent relay + target pair so
+# neither operator sees both your IP and your question. See
+# recipes/odoh-upstream.md for the protocol details and
+# packaging/client/README.md for deploy notes.
+
+[server]
+bind_addr = "0.0.0.0:53"
+api_bind_addr = "0.0.0.0"
+data_dir = "/var/lib/numa"
+
+[upstream]
+mode = "odoh"
+# Numa's own relay (Hetzner, systemd + Caddy). Swap to any other public
+# ODoH relay if you'd rather not depend on a single operator; the protocol
+# tolerates it, and Numa refuses same-operator relay+target by default.
+relay = "https://odoh-relay.numa.rs/relay"
+target = "https://odoh.cloudflare-dns.com/dns-query"
+# strict = true (default). Relay failure → SERVFAIL, never silent downgrade.
+
+[blocking]
+enabled = true
+# Default blocklist (Hagezi Pro). Edit the `lists` array to taste.

packaging/relay/README.md

@@ -39,10 +39,3 @@ curl https://<hostname>/health
 
 Then point any ODoH client at `https://<hostname>/relay` and watch the
 counters tick.
-
-## Listing on the public ecosystem
-
-DNSCrypt's [v3/odoh-relays.md](https://github.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-resolvers/blob/master/v3/odoh-relays.md)
-is the canonical list. The pruned 2025-09-16 commit shows one public ODoH
-relay survived the cull — running this compose file doubles global supply.
-Open a PR there once your relay has been up for ~24 hours.

recipes/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# Recipes
+
+Scenario-driven configs for common Numa deployments. Each recipe is self-contained: copy the snippet, adjust the marked fields, reload.
+
+## Transport / encryption
+
+- [DoH on the LAN](doh-on-lan.md) — expose Numa's built-in DNS-over-HTTPS to local clients.
+- [dnsdist in front of Numa](dnsdist-front.md) — terminate public TLS externally, keep Numa on loopback.
+- [ODoH upstream with bootstrap pinning](odoh-upstream.md) — oblivious DNS client mode without leaking the relay/target hostnames.
+
+Missing a scenario? Open an issue or PR — these are plain Markdown with no build step.

recipes/dnsdist-front.md

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+# dnsdist in front of Numa
+
+For public DoH with a real (ACME-signed) cert, terminate TLS outside Numa and forward plain DNS (or loopback-only DoH) to the resolver. Cert renewal, rate-limiting, and load-balancing live in the front-end; Numa stays focused on resolution.
+
+## When to use this
+
+- Public hostname (`dns.example.com`) with a Let's Encrypt or internal PKI cert.
+- You want a dedicated front-end for DoH/DoT/DoQ while Numa stays loopback-bound.
+- You plan to run multiple Numa instances behind one endpoint.
+
+## Architecture
+
+```
+ public 443/DoH  ┐
+ public 853/DoT  ├─► dnsdist  ─►  127.0.0.1:53 (Numa UDP/TCP)
+ public 443/DoQ  ┘
+```
+
+## dnsdist config
+
+```lua
+-- /etc/dnsdist/dnsdist.conf
+
+newServer({address="127.0.0.1:53", name="numa", checkType="A", checkName="numa.rs."})
+
+addDOHLocal(
+  "0.0.0.0:443",
+  "/etc/letsencrypt/live/dns.example.com/fullchain.pem",
+  "/etc/letsencrypt/live/dns.example.com/privkey.pem",
+  "/dns-query",
+  {doTCP=true, reusePort=true}
+)
+
+addTLSLocal(
+  "0.0.0.0:853",
+  "/etc/letsencrypt/live/dns.example.com/fullchain.pem",
+  "/etc/letsencrypt/live/dns.example.com/privkey.pem"
+)
+
+addAction(AllRule(), PoolAction("", false))
+```
+
+## Numa config
+
+```toml
+[proxy]
+enabled   = true         # keep if you still use *.numa service routing
+bind_addr = "127.0.0.1"  # stays default
+```
+
+No changes to `[server]` — Numa keeps serving plain DNS on UDP/TCP 53, which dnsdist forwards.
+
+## Caveat: client IPs
+
+Without PROXY protocol support in Numa, the query log shows the front-end's IP on every query, not the real client. dnsdist can emit PROXY v2 (`useProxyProtocol=true` on `newServer`), but Numa doesn't yet parse it — tracked in the wish-list under #143. Until then, accept the blind spot or correlate against dnsdist's own logs.
+
+## Verify
+
+```bash
+kdig +https @dns.example.com example.com
+kdig +tls  @dns.example.com example.com
+```
+
+Both should return clean answers. Numa's `/queries` API should show the request landing, sourced from the front-end IP.

recipes/doh-on-lan.md

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+# DoH on the LAN
+
+Numa ships an RFC 8484 DoH endpoint (`POST /dns-query`) on the `[proxy]` HTTPS listener. By default it binds `127.0.0.1:443` with a self-signed cert — invisible to anything off the box. Three changes make it reachable from the LAN.
+
+## When to use this
+
+- Your phone/laptop is on the same network as Numa and you want encrypted DNS without a cloud resolver.
+- You're OK installing Numa's self-signed CA on every client (one-time, via `/ca.pem` + the mobileconfig flow).
+
+For a publicly-trusted cert, see [dnsdist in front of Numa](dnsdist-front.md) instead.
+
+## Minimal config
+
+```toml
+[proxy]
+enabled   = true       # default
+bind_addr = "0.0.0.0"  # was 127.0.0.1 — expose to LAN
+tls_port  = 443        # default; DoH is served here
+tld       = "numa"     # default — self-resolving, see below
+```
+
+`tld` is the DoH gate: Numa accepts the DoH request only when the `Host` header is loopback or equals (or is a subdomain of) `tld`. Clients therefore dial `https://numa/dns-query`.
+
+With the default `tld = "numa"`, there's no DNS bootstrap to configure: Numa already resolves `numa` and `*.numa` to its own LAN IP for remote clients (that's how the `*.numa` service-proxy feature works). Any client that uses Numa as its resolver will resolve `numa` correctly on first try.
+
+If you'd rather use a hostname that resolves via normal DNS (e.g. you want DoH-only clients that never talk plain DNS to Numa), set `tld = "dns.example.com"` and add a matching A record in whichever DNS your clients consult before reaching Numa.
+
+## Trust the CA on each client
+
+Numa generates a self-signed CA at startup. Fetch it once, import it wherever you'll run the DoH client:
+
+```bash
+curl -o numa-ca.pem http://<numa-ip>:5380/ca.pem
+```
+
+- **macOS** — `sudo security add-trusted-cert -d -r trustRoot -k /Library/Keychains/System.keychain numa-ca.pem`
+- **iOS** — install the mobileconfig from the API (same CA, signed profile). Flip *Settings → General → About → Certificate Trust Settings* on after install.
+- **Linux** — drop into `/usr/local/share/ca-certificates/` and run `sudo update-ca-certificates`.
+- **Android** — requires the user-installed CA path; browsers may still refuse it for DoH. Consider the [dnsdist front](dnsdist-front.md) route instead.
+
+## Verify
+
+```bash
+kdig +https @numa example.com
+```
+
+Without `+https` kdig uses plain DNS. With `+https` the same answers should flow over port 443.
+
+Raw check:
+
+```bash
+curl -H 'accept: application/dns-message' \
+     --data-binary @query.bin \
+     https://numa/dns-query
+```
+
+## Gotchas
+
+- Port 443 is privileged on Linux/macOS. Run Numa via the provided service units, or grant `CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE` (`sudo setcap 'cap_net_bind_service=+ep' /path/to/numa`).
+- Non-matching `Host` header → HTTP 404 from the proxy's fallback handler. Double-check `tld`.
+- ChromeOS enrollment rejects user-installed CAs for some flows — known pain point, see issue #136.

recipes/odoh-upstream.md

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+# ODoH upstream with bootstrap pinning
+
+Numa can run as an Oblivious DoH (RFC 9230) client: the relay sees your IP but not the question, the target sees the question but not your IP. Neither party alone can re-identify a query. This recipe covers the minimal config and the bootstrap leak that `relay_ip` / `target_ip` close.
+
+## When to use this
+
+- You want split-trust encrypted DNS without a single provider seeing both who you are and what you asked.
+- Numa is your system resolver (so there's no "other" DNS to ask).
+
+## Minimal config
+
+```toml
+[upstream]
+mode   = "odoh"
+relay  = "https://odoh-relay.numa.rs/relay"
+target = "https://odoh.cloudflare-dns.com/dns-query"
+strict = true   # refuse to fall back to a non-oblivious path on relay failure
+```
+
+`strict = true` means a relay-level HTTPS failure returns SERVFAIL instead of silently downgrading. Set it to `false` and configure `[upstream].fallback` if you'd rather keep resolving (at the cost of the oblivious property).
+
+## The bootstrap leak
+
+When Numa is the system resolver and needs to reach the relay/target, *something* has to translate `odoh-relay.numa.rs` → IP. If Numa asks itself, you deadlock. If Numa asks a bootstrap resolver (1.1.1.1, 9.9.9.9), that resolver learns which ODoH endpoint you use in cleartext — it can't see your questions, but it sees the destination. That's the leak ODoH was supposed to close.
+
+`relay_ip` and `target_ip` tell Numa the IPs directly, so it never asks anyone:
+
+```toml
+[upstream]
+mode      = "odoh"
+relay     = "https://odoh-relay.numa.rs/relay"
+target    = "https://odoh.cloudflare-dns.com/dns-query"
+relay_ip  = "178.104.229.30"     # pin the relay — no hostname lookup
+target_ip = "104.16.249.249"     # pin the target — no hostname lookup
+```
+
+Numa still validates TLS against the hostnames in `relay` / `target`, so a hijacked IP can't masquerade — pinning skips only the DNS step.
+
+## Finding current IPs
+
+```bash
+dig +short odoh-relay.numa.rs
+dig +short odoh.cloudflare-dns.com
+```
+
+Re-pin when an operator rotates. The community-maintained list at <https://github.com/DNSCrypt/dnscrypt-resolvers/blob/master/v3/odoh-relays.md> is a useful cross-reference.
+
+## Verify
+
+```bash
+kdig @127.0.0.1 example.com
+```
+
+Numa's `/queries` API and startup banner should label the upstream as `odoh://`. Look for `ODoH relay returned ...` errors in the logs if routing fails.
+
+## Known gotchas
+
+- **Same-operator refused.** Numa's eTLD+1 check blocks configs where the relay and target belong to the same operator (pointless — same party sees both sides). Override only when testing.
+- **Single relay.** Current config accepts one relay and one target. Multi-entry rotation/failover is tracked in #140.

scripts/serve-site.sh

@@ -1,14 +1,41 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
+# Dev server for site/: regenerates drafts on each MD change, reloads the
+# browser on each rendered HTML/CSS/JS change. Port is the first numeric arg
+# (default 9000); any other args are ignored for back-compat.
+#
+# First run downloads chokidar-cli + browser-sync into the npm cache — slow
+# once, instant after that.
+
 set -euo pipefail
 
-PORT="${1:-9000}"
+PORT=9000
+for arg in "$@"; do
+  if [[ "$arg" =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]]; then
+    PORT="$arg"
+    break
+  fi
+done
 
-if [[ "${1:-}" == "--drafts" ]] || [[ "${2:-}" == "--drafts" ]]; then
-  PORT="${PORT//--drafts/9000}"  # default port if --drafts was first arg
-  make blog-drafts
-else
-  make blog
-fi
+command -v npx >/dev/null || { echo "npx not found. Install Node.js: https://nodejs.org" >&2; exit 1; }
+command -v pandoc >/dev/null || { echo "pandoc not found (required by 'make blog-drafts')." >&2; exit 1; }
 
-echo "Serving site at http://localhost:$PORT"
-cd site && python3 -m http.server "$PORT"
+# Initial render so the first page load has everything.
+make blog-drafts
+
+echo "Serving site at http://localhost:$PORT (drafts included, live reload)"
+
+# Kill child processes on exit so re-runs don't leave orphaned watchers.
+trap 'kill $(jobs -p) 2>/dev/null' EXIT INT TERM
+
+# Regenerate HTML when MD sources or the blog template change.
+npx --yes chokidar-cli \
+  "drafts/*.md" "blog/*.md" "site/blog-template.html" \
+  -c "make blog-drafts" &
+
+# Serve + reload on rendered-asset changes.
+cd site && exec npx --yes browser-sync start \
+  --server . \
+  --port "$PORT" \
+  --files "**/*.html,**/*.css,**/*.js" \
+  --no-open \
+  --no-notify

src/api.rs

@@ -83,8 +83,13 @@ pub fn router(ctx: Arc<ServerCtx>) -> Router {
 }
 
 async fn dashboard() -> impl IntoResponse {
+    // Revalidate each load so browsers don't keep serving a stale
+    // dashboard across numa upgrades.
     (
-        [(header::CONTENT_TYPE, "text/html; charset=utf-8")],
+        [
+            (header::CONTENT_TYPE, "text/html; charset=utf-8"),
+            (header::CACHE_CONTROL, "no-cache"),
+        ],
         DASHBOARD_HTML,
     )
 }
@@ -1244,6 +1249,13 @@ mod tests {
             .await
             .unwrap();
         assert_eq!(resp.status(), 200);
+        assert_eq!(
+            resp.headers()
+                .get(header::CACHE_CONTROL)
+                .map(|v| v.to_str().unwrap()),
+            Some("no-cache"),
+            "dashboard must revalidate to avoid stale HTML across upgrades"
+        );
         let body = axum::body::to_bytes(resp.into_body(), 100000)
             .await
             .unwrap();

src/bootstrap_resolver.rs

@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 //! relay/target, blocklist CDN). When numa is its own system resolver
 //! (`/etc/resolv.conf → 127.0.0.1`, HAOS add-on, Pi-hole-style container),
 //! the default `getaddrinfo` path loops back through numa before numa can
-//! answer — a chicken-and-egg that deadlocks cold boot. See issue #122 and
-//! `docs/implementation/bootstrap-resolver.md`.
+//! answer — a chicken-and-egg that deadlocks cold boot. See issue #122.
 //!
 //! Resolution order per hostname:
 //! 1. Per-hostname overrides (e.g. ODoH `relay_ip` / `target_ip`) → return
@@ -13,7 +12,7 @@
 //!    servers, with TCP fallback on UDP timeout (for networks that block
 //!    outbound UDP:53 — see memory: `project_network_udp_hostile.md`).
 
-use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::net::{IpAddr, Ipv4Addr, SocketAddr};
 use std::time::Duration;
 
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ const DEFAULT_BOOTSTRAP: &[SocketAddr] = &[
 
 pub struct NumaResolver {
     bootstrap: Vec<SocketAddr>,
-    overrides: HashMap<String, Vec<IpAddr>>,
+    overrides: BTreeMap<String, Vec<IpAddr>>,
 }
 
 impl NumaResolver {
@@ -44,7 +43,7 @@ impl NumaResolver {
     /// `fallback` entries are filtered to IP literals only — hostnames would
     /// re-introduce the self-loop inside the resolver itself. Empty or
     /// unusable fallback yields the hardcoded default (Quad9 + Cloudflare).
-    pub fn new(fallback: &[String], overrides: HashMap<String, Vec<IpAddr>>) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(fallback: &[String], overrides: BTreeMap<String, Vec<IpAddr>>) -> Self {
         let mut bootstrap: Vec<SocketAddr> = Vec::with_capacity(fallback.len());
         for entry in fallback {
             match crate::forward::parse_upstream_addr(entry, 53) {
@@ -71,11 +70,10 @@ impl NumaResolver {
             source
         );
         if !overrides.is_empty() {
-            let mut pairs: Vec<String> = overrides
+            let pairs: Vec<String> = overrides
                 .iter()
-                .flat_map(|(host, ips)| ips.iter().map(move |ip| format!("{}={}", host, ip)))
+                .flat_map(|(host, addrs)| addrs.iter().map(move |ip| format!("{}={}", host, ip)))
                 .collect();
-            pairs.sort();
             info!(
                 "bootstrap resolver: host overrides (skip DNS, connect direct): {}",
                 pairs.join(", ")
@@ -185,7 +183,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn empty_fallback_uses_defaults() {
-        let r = NumaResolver::new(&[], HashMap::new());
+        let r = NumaResolver::new(&[], BTreeMap::new());
         let got: Vec<String> = r.bootstrap().iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect();
         assert_eq!(got, vec!["9.9.9.9:53", "1.1.1.1:53"]);
     }
@@ -197,14 +195,14 @@ mod tests {
             "dns.quad9.net".to_string(),
             "1.1.1.1:5353".to_string(),
         ];
-        let r = NumaResolver::new(&fallback, HashMap::new());
+        let r = NumaResolver::new(&fallback, BTreeMap::new());
         let got: Vec<String> = r.bootstrap().iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect();
         assert_eq!(got, vec!["9.9.9.9:53", "1.1.1.1:5353"]);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn override_returns_configured_ips_without_dns() {
-        let mut overrides = HashMap::new();
+        let mut overrides = BTreeMap::new();
         overrides.insert(
             "odoh-relay.example".to_string(),
             vec![IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(178, 104, 229, 30))],
@@ -220,7 +218,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn override_supports_multiple_ips_including_ipv6() {
-        let mut overrides = HashMap::new();
+        let mut overrides = BTreeMap::new();
         overrides.insert(
             "dual.example".to_string(),
             vec![

src/config.rs

@@ -245,8 +245,8 @@ impl OdohUpstream {
     /// Per-host IP overrides for the bootstrap resolver, lifted from
     /// `relay_ip`/`target_ip`. Keeps the "zero plain-DNS leak for ODoH
     /// endpoints" property when numa is its own system resolver.
-    pub fn host_ip_overrides(&self) -> std::collections::HashMap<String, Vec<std::net::IpAddr>> {
-        let mut out = std::collections::HashMap::new();
+    pub fn host_ip_overrides(&self) -> std::collections::BTreeMap<String, Vec<std::net::IpAddr>> {
+        let mut out = std::collections::BTreeMap::new();
         if let Some(addr) = self.relay_bootstrap {
             out.entry(self.relay_host.clone())
                 .or_insert_with(Vec::new)
@@ -451,8 +451,12 @@ fn default_upstream_port() -> u16 {
 fn default_timeout_ms() -> u64 {
     5000
 }
+/// Off by default: hedging fires a second upstream query, which silently
+/// doubles the count at the provider — hurts quota'd DNS (NextDNS, Control
+/// D). Opt in with `hedge_ms = 10` for tail-latency rescue on flaky nets
+/// or handshake-slow DoT.
 fn default_hedge_ms() -> u64 {
-    10
+    0
 }
 
 #[derive(Deserialize)]

src/ctx.rs

@@ -408,6 +408,33 @@ fn cache_and_parse(
 /// Used for both stale-entry refresh and proactive cache warming.
 pub async fn refresh_entry(ctx: &ServerCtx, qname: &str, qtype: QueryType) {
     let query = DnsPacket::query(0, qname, qtype);
+
+    // Forwarding rules must win here, mirroring `resolve_query` — otherwise
+    // refresh re-resolves private zones through the default upstream and
+    // poisons the cache with NXDOMAIN.
+    if let Some(pool) = crate::system_dns::match_forwarding_rule(qname, &ctx.forwarding_rules) {
+        let mut buf = BytePacketBuffer::new();
+        if query.write(&mut buf).is_ok() {
+            if let Ok(wire) = forward_with_failover_raw(
+                buf.filled(),
+                pool,
+                &ctx.srtt,
+                ctx.timeout,
+                ctx.hedge_delay,
+            )
+            .await
+            {
+                ctx.cache.write().unwrap().insert_wire(
+                    qname,
+                    qtype,
+                    &wire,
+                    DnssecStatus::Indeterminate,
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+
     if ctx.upstream_mode == UpstreamMode::Recursive {
         if let Ok(resp) = crate::recursive::resolve_recursive(
             qname,
@@ -1244,14 +1271,8 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn pipeline_filter_aaaa_leaves_a_queries_alone() {
-        let mut upstream_resp = DnsPacket::new();
-        upstream_resp.header.response = true;
-        upstream_resp.header.rescode = ResultCode::NOERROR;
-        upstream_resp.answers.push(DnsRecord::A {
-            domain: "example.com".to_string(),
-            addr: Ipv4Addr::new(93, 184, 216, 34),
-            ttl: 300,
-        });
+        let upstream_resp =
+            crate::testutil::a_record_response("example.com", Ipv4Addr::new(93, 184, 216, 34), 300);
         let upstream_addr = crate::testutil::mock_upstream(upstream_resp).await;
 
         let mut ctx = crate::testutil::test_ctx().await;
@@ -1471,14 +1492,8 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn pipeline_forwarding_returns_upstream_answer() {
-        let mut upstream_resp = DnsPacket::new();
-        upstream_resp.header.response = true;
-        upstream_resp.header.rescode = ResultCode::NOERROR;
-        upstream_resp.answers.push(DnsRecord::A {
-            domain: "internal.corp".to_string(),
-            addr: Ipv4Addr::new(10, 1, 2, 3),
-            ttl: 600,
-        });
+        let upstream_resp =
+            crate::testutil::a_record_response("internal.corp", Ipv4Addr::new(10, 1, 2, 3), 600);
         let upstream_addr = crate::testutil::mock_upstream(upstream_resp).await;
 
         let mut ctx = crate::testutil::test_ctx().await;
@@ -1505,14 +1520,8 @@ mod tests {
     async fn pipeline_forwarding_fails_over_to_second_upstream() {
         let dead = crate::testutil::blackhole_upstream();
 
-        let mut live_resp = DnsPacket::new();
-        live_resp.header.response = true;
-        live_resp.header.rescode = ResultCode::NOERROR;
-        live_resp.answers.push(DnsRecord::A {
-            domain: "internal.corp".to_string(),
-            addr: Ipv4Addr::new(10, 9, 9, 9),
-            ttl: 600,
-        });
+        let live_resp =
+            crate::testutil::a_record_response("internal.corp", Ipv4Addr::new(10, 9, 9, 9), 600);
         let live = crate::testutil::mock_upstream(live_resp).await;
 
         let mut ctx = crate::testutil::test_ctx().await;
@@ -1534,14 +1543,8 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn pipeline_default_pool_reports_upstream_path() {
-        let mut upstream_resp = DnsPacket::new();
-        upstream_resp.header.response = true;
-        upstream_resp.header.rescode = ResultCode::NOERROR;
-        upstream_resp.answers.push(DnsRecord::A {
-            domain: "example.com".to_string(),
-            addr: Ipv4Addr::new(93, 184, 216, 34),
-            ttl: 300,
-        });
+        let upstream_resp =
+            crate::testutil::a_record_response("example.com", Ipv4Addr::new(93, 184, 216, 34), 300);
         let upstream_addr = crate::testutil::mock_upstream(upstream_resp).await;
 
         let ctx = crate::testutil::test_ctx().await;
@@ -1556,4 +1559,67 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(resp.header.rescode, ResultCode::NOERROR);
         assert_eq!(resp.answers.len(), 1);
     }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn refresh_entry_honors_forwarding_rule() {
+        let rule_resp =
+            crate::testutil::a_record_response("internal.corp", Ipv4Addr::new(10, 0, 0, 42), 300);
+        let rule_upstream = crate::testutil::mock_upstream(rule_resp).await;
+
+        let mut ctx = crate::testutil::test_ctx().await;
+        ctx.forwarding_rules = vec![ForwardingRule::new(
+            "corp".to_string(),
+            UpstreamPool::new(vec![Upstream::Udp(rule_upstream)], vec![]),
+        )];
+        // Default pool points at a blackhole — if the refresh queries it
+        // instead of the rule, the test fails because nothing is cached.
+        ctx.upstream_pool
+            .lock()
+            .unwrap()
+            .set_primary(vec![Upstream::Udp(crate::testutil::blackhole_upstream())]);
+        let ctx = Arc::new(ctx);
+
+        refresh_entry(&ctx, "internal.corp", QueryType::A).await;
+
+        let cached = ctx
+            .cache
+            .read()
+            .unwrap()
+            .lookup("internal.corp", QueryType::A)
+            .expect("refresh must populate cache via forwarding rule");
+        match &cached.answers[0] {
+            DnsRecord::A { addr, .. } => assert_eq!(*addr, Ipv4Addr::new(10, 0, 0, 42)),
+            other => panic!("expected A record, got {:?}", other),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn refresh_entry_prefers_forwarding_rule_over_recursive() {
+        let rule_resp =
+            crate::testutil::a_record_response("db.internal.corp", Ipv4Addr::new(10, 0, 0, 7), 300);
+        let rule_upstream = crate::testutil::mock_upstream(rule_resp).await;
+
+        let mut ctx = crate::testutil::test_ctx().await;
+        ctx.upstream_mode = UpstreamMode::Recursive;
+        ctx.forwarding_rules = vec![ForwardingRule::new(
+            "corp".to_string(),
+            UpstreamPool::new(vec![Upstream::Udp(rule_upstream)], vec![]),
+        )];
+        // No root_hints — recursion would fail immediately, proving that
+        // the rule branch fired instead.
+        let ctx = Arc::new(ctx);
+
+        refresh_entry(&ctx, "db.internal.corp", QueryType::A).await;
+
+        let cached = ctx
+            .cache
+            .read()
+            .unwrap()
+            .lookup("db.internal.corp", QueryType::A)
+            .expect("recursive-mode refresh must still consult forwarding rules");
+        match &cached.answers[0] {
+            DnsRecord::A { addr, .. } => assert_eq!(*addr, Ipv4Addr::new(10, 0, 0, 7)),
+            other => panic!("expected A record, got {:?}", other),
+        }
+    }
 }

src/dnssec.rs

@@ -882,6 +882,28 @@ fn record_rdata_canonical(record: &DnsRecord) -> Vec<u8> {
             rdata.extend(type_bitmap);
             rdata
         }
+        DnsRecord::SOA {
+            mname,
+            rname,
+            serial,
+            refresh,
+            retry,
+            expire,
+            minimum,
+            ..
+        } => {
+            let mname_wire = name_to_wire(mname);
+            let rname_wire = name_to_wire(rname);
+            let mut rdata = Vec::with_capacity(mname_wire.len() + rname_wire.len() + 20);
+            rdata.extend(&mname_wire);
+            rdata.extend(&rname_wire);
+            rdata.extend(&serial.to_be_bytes());
+            rdata.extend(&refresh.to_be_bytes());
+            rdata.extend(&retry.to_be_bytes());
+            rdata.extend(&expire.to_be_bytes());
+            rdata.extend(&minimum.to_be_bytes());
+            rdata
+        }
         DnsRecord::UNKNOWN { data, .. } => data.clone(),
         DnsRecord::RRSIG { .. } => Vec::new(),
     }

src/forward.rs

@@ -175,8 +175,7 @@ pub fn parse_upstream(
 ///
 /// Uses the system resolver. Callers running inside `serve::run` pass the
 /// shared [`crate::bootstrap_resolver::NumaResolver`] via
-/// [`build_https_client_with_resolver`] to avoid the self-loop documented
-/// in `docs/implementation/bootstrap-resolver.md`.
+/// [`build_https_client_with_resolver`] to avoid the self-loop (issue #122).
 pub fn build_https_client() -> reqwest::Client {
     build_https_client_with_resolver(1, None)
 }

src/health.rs

@@ -7,11 +7,10 @@
 //! Both handlers call [`HealthResponse::build`] to assemble the JSON
 //! response from `HealthMeta` + live inputs.
 //!
-//! JSON schema is documented in `docs/implementation/ios-companion-app.md`
-//! §4.2. The iOS companion app's `HealthInfo` struct is the canonical
-//! consumer; any change to this response must keep that struct decoding
-//! cleanly (all consumed fields are optional on the Swift side, but
-//! `lan_ip` is load-bearing for the pipeline).
+//! The iOS companion app's `HealthInfo` struct is the canonical consumer;
+//! any change to this response must keep that struct decoding cleanly (all
+//! consumed fields are optional on the Swift side, but `lan_ip` is
+//! load-bearing for the pipeline).
 
 use std::net::Ipv4Addr;
 use std::path::Path;

src/record.rs

@@ -24,6 +24,17 @@ pub enum DnsRecord {
         host: String,
         ttl: u32,
     },
+    SOA {
+        domain: String,
+        mname: String,
+        rname: String,
+        serial: u32,
+        refresh: u32,
+        retry: u32,
+        expire: u32,
+        minimum: u32,
+        ttl: u32,
+    },
     CNAME {
         domain: String,
         host: String,
@@ -100,6 +111,7 @@ impl DnsRecord {
             | DnsRecord::RRSIG { domain, .. }
             | DnsRecord::NSEC { domain, .. }
             | DnsRecord::NSEC3 { domain, .. }
+            | DnsRecord::SOA { domain, .. }
             | DnsRecord::UNKNOWN { domain, .. } => domain,
         }
     }
@@ -111,6 +123,7 @@ impl DnsRecord {
             DnsRecord::NS { .. } => QueryType::NS,
             DnsRecord::CNAME { .. } => QueryType::CNAME,
             DnsRecord::MX { .. } => QueryType::MX,
+            DnsRecord::SOA { .. } => QueryType::SOA,
             DnsRecord::DNSKEY { .. } => QueryType::DNSKEY,
             DnsRecord::DS { .. } => QueryType::DS,
             DnsRecord::RRSIG { .. } => QueryType::RRSIG,
@@ -132,6 +145,7 @@ impl DnsRecord {
             | DnsRecord::RRSIG { ttl, .. }
             | DnsRecord::NSEC { ttl, .. }
             | DnsRecord::NSEC3 { ttl, .. }
+            | DnsRecord::SOA { ttl, .. }
             | DnsRecord::UNKNOWN { ttl, .. } => *ttl,
         }
     }
@@ -172,6 +186,12 @@ impl DnsRecord {
                     + next_hashed_owner.capacity()
                     + type_bitmap.capacity()
             }
+            DnsRecord::SOA {
+                domain,
+                mname,
+                rname,
+                ..
+            } => domain.capacity() + mname.capacity() + rname.capacity(),
             DnsRecord::UNKNOWN { domain, data, .. } => domain.capacity() + data.capacity(),
         }
     }
@@ -188,6 +208,7 @@ impl DnsRecord {
             | DnsRecord::RRSIG { ttl, .. }
             | DnsRecord::NSEC { ttl, .. }
             | DnsRecord::NSEC3 { ttl, .. }
+            | DnsRecord::SOA { ttl, .. }
             | DnsRecord::UNKNOWN { ttl, .. } => *ttl = new_ttl,
         }
     }
@@ -365,8 +386,31 @@ impl DnsRecord {
                     ttl,
                 })
             }
+            QueryType::SOA => {
+                // MNAME/RNAME compressible per RFC 1035 §3.3.13 — decompress to avoid stale pointers on re-emit.
+                let mut mname = String::with_capacity(64);
+                buffer.read_qname(&mut mname)?;
+                let mut rname = String::with_capacity(64);
+                buffer.read_qname(&mut rname)?;
+                let serial = buffer.read_u32()?;
+                let refresh = buffer.read_u32()?;
+                let retry = buffer.read_u32()?;
+                let expire = buffer.read_u32()?;
+                let minimum = buffer.read_u32()?;
+                Ok(DnsRecord::SOA {
+                    domain,
+                    mname,
+                    rname,
+                    serial,
+                    refresh,
+                    retry,
+                    expire,
+                    minimum,
+                    ttl,
+                })
+            }
             _ => {
-                // SOA, TXT, SRV, etc. — stored as opaque bytes until parsed natively
+                // TXT, SRV, HTTPS, SVCB, etc. — stored as opaque bytes until parsed natively
                 let data = buffer.get_range(buffer.pos(), data_len as usize)?.to_vec();
                 buffer.step(data_len as usize)?;
                 Ok(DnsRecord::UNKNOWN {
@@ -430,6 +474,30 @@ impl DnsRecord {
                 let size = buffer.pos() - (pos + 2);
                 buffer.set_u16(pos, size as u16)?;
             }
+            DnsRecord::SOA {
+                ref domain,
+                ref mname,
+                ref rname,
+                serial,
+                refresh,
+                retry,
+                expire,
+                minimum,
+                ttl,
+            } => {
+                write_header(buffer, domain, QueryType::SOA.to_num(), ttl)?;
+                let rdlen_pos = buffer.pos();
+                buffer.write_u16(0)?;
+                buffer.write_qname(mname)?;
+                buffer.write_qname(rname)?;
+                buffer.write_u32(serial)?;
+                buffer.write_u32(refresh)?;
+                buffer.write_u32(retry)?;
+                buffer.write_u32(expire)?;
+                buffer.write_u32(minimum)?;
+                let rdlen = buffer.pos() - (rdlen_pos + 2);
+                buffer.set_u16(rdlen_pos, rdlen as u16)?;
+            }
             DnsRecord::AAAA {
                 ref domain,
                 ref addr,

src/serve.rs

@@ -52,14 +52,13 @@ pub async fn run(config_path: String) -> crate::Result<()> {
     // Routes numa-originated HTTPS (DoH upstream, ODoH relay/target, blocklist
     // CDN) away from the system resolver so lookups don't loop back through
     // numa when it's its own system DNS.
-    // See `docs/implementation/bootstrap-resolver.md`.
     let resolver_overrides = match config.upstream.mode {
         crate::config::UpstreamMode::Odoh => config
             .upstream
             .odoh_upstream()
             .map(|o| o.host_ip_overrides())
             .unwrap_or_default(),
-        _ => std::collections::HashMap::new(),
+        _ => std::collections::BTreeMap::new(),
     };
     let bootstrap_resolver: Arc<NumaResolver> = Arc::new(NumaResolver::new(
         &config.upstream.fallback,
@@ -343,12 +342,13 @@ pub async fn run(config_path: String) -> crate::Result<()> {
     };
 
     // Title row: center within the box
+    let tag_line = "DNS that governs itself";
     let title = format!(
-        "{b}NUMA{r}  {it}DNS that governs itself{r}  {d}v{}{r}",
+        "{b}NUMA{r}  {it}{tag_line}{r}  {d}v{}{r}",
         env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION")
     );
     // The title contains ANSI codes; visible length is ~38 chars. Pad to fill the box.
-    let title_visible_len = 4 + 2 + 24 + 2 + 1 + env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION").len() + 1;
+    let title_visible_len = 4 + 2 + tag_line.len() + 2 + 1 + env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION").len() + 1;
     let title_pad = w.saturating_sub(title_visible_len);
     eprintln!("\n{o}  ╔{bar_top}╗{r}");
     eprint!("{o}  ║{r} {title}");

src/testutil.rs

@@ -12,11 +12,13 @@ use crate::cache::DnsCache;
 use crate::config::UpstreamMode;
 use crate::ctx::ServerCtx;
 use crate::forward::{Upstream, UpstreamPool};
+use crate::header::ResultCode;
 use crate::health::HealthMeta;
 use crate::lan::PeerStore;
 use crate::override_store::OverrideStore;
 use crate::packet::DnsPacket;
 use crate::query_log::QueryLog;
+use crate::record::DnsRecord;
 use crate::service_store::ServiceStore;
 use crate::srtt::SrttCache;
 use crate::stats::ServerStats;
@@ -67,6 +69,20 @@ pub async fn test_ctx() -> ServerCtx {
     }
 }
 
+/// Build a NOERROR response containing a single A record — the shape used
+/// repeatedly by pipeline/forwarding tests to seed `mock_upstream`.
+pub fn a_record_response(domain: &str, addr: Ipv4Addr, ttl: u32) -> DnsPacket {
+    let mut pkt = DnsPacket::new();
+    pkt.header.response = true;
+    pkt.header.rescode = ResultCode::NOERROR;
+    pkt.answers.push(DnsRecord::A {
+        domain: domain.to_string(),
+        addr,
+        ttl,
+    });
+    pkt
+}
+
 /// Spawn a UDP socket that replies to the first DNS query with the given
 /// response packet (patching the query ID to match). Returns the socket address.
 pub async fn mock_upstream(response: DnsPacket) -> SocketAddr {

tests/integration.sh

@@ -975,11 +975,10 @@ check "Same-host relay+target rejected at startup" \
     "same host" \
     "$STARTUP_OUT"
 
-# relay_ip / target_ip must land in the bootstrap resolver's override map,
-# so reqwest connects direct to the configured IPs instead of resolving the
-# hostnames via plain DNS (ODoH's zero-plain-DNS-leak property). Using
-# RFC 5737 TEST-NET-1 IPs — never routable, so the OdohConfigCache won't
-# actually connect, but the override-map wiring is visible in the startup log.
+# Guards ODoH's zero-plain-DNS-leak property: relay_ip / target_ip must
+# land in the bootstrap resolver's override map so reqwest connects direct
+# to the configured IPs instead of resolving the hostnames via plain DNS.
+# RFC 5737 TEST-NET-1 IPs (unroutable).
 cat > "$CONFIG" << 'CONF'
 [server]
 bind_addr = "127.0.0.1:5354"
@@ -1019,7 +1018,6 @@ check "target_ip wired into bootstrap override map" \
 
 kill "$NUMA_PID" 2>/dev/null || true
 wait "$NUMA_PID" 2>/dev/null || true
-sleep 1
 
 fi  # end Suite 8
 

tests/soa_compression_bug.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+//! Regression test for issue #128: SOA with compressed MNAME/RNAME must
+//! survive Numa's round-trip — compression pointers reference the upstream
+//! packet's byte layout, so we have to decompress on read and re-compress
+//! on write.
+
+use numa::buffer::BytePacketBuffer;
+use numa::packet::DnsPacket;
+
+const COMPRESSION_FLAG: u16 = 0xC000;
+
+fn upstream_packet() -> Vec<u8> {
+    let mut p = Vec::<u8>::new();
+
+    p.extend_from_slice(&[
+        0x12, 0x34, 0x81, 0x80, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00,
+    ]);
+
+    assert_eq!(p.len(), 12);
+    write_name(&mut p, &["odin", "adobe", "com"]);
+    p.extend_from_slice(&[0x00, 0x41, 0x00, 0x01]);
+
+    p.extend_from_slice(&[0xC0, 0x0C]);
+    p.extend_from_slice(&[0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x23, 0x7F]);
+    let rdlen_pos_1 = p.len();
+    p.extend_from_slice(&[0x00, 0x00]);
+    let cname1_start = p.len();
+    write_name(&mut p, &["cdn", "adobeaemcloud", "com"]);
+    let rdlen_1 = (p.len() - cname1_start) as u16;
+    p[rdlen_pos_1..rdlen_pos_1 + 2].copy_from_slice(&rdlen_1.to_be_bytes());
+
+    p.extend_from_slice(&(COMPRESSION_FLAG | cname1_start as u16).to_be_bytes());
+    p.extend_from_slice(&[0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x23, 0x7F]);
+    let rdlen_pos_2 = p.len();
+    p.extend_from_slice(&[0x00, 0x00]);
+    let cname2_start = p.len();
+    p.push(9);
+    p.extend_from_slice(b"adobe-aem");
+    let map_label_off = p.len();
+    p.push(3);
+    p.extend_from_slice(b"map");
+    let fastly_label_off = p.len();
+    p.push(6);
+    p.extend_from_slice(b"fastly");
+    p.push(3);
+    p.extend_from_slice(b"net");
+    p.push(0);
+    let rdlen_2 = (p.len() - cname2_start) as u16;
+    p[rdlen_pos_2..rdlen_pos_2 + 2].copy_from_slice(&rdlen_2.to_be_bytes());
+
+    p.extend_from_slice(&(COMPRESSION_FLAG | fastly_label_off as u16).to_be_bytes());
+    p.extend_from_slice(&[0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0x08]);
+    let rdlen_pos_soa = p.len();
+    p.extend_from_slice(&[0x00, 0x00]);
+    let soa_rdata_start = p.len();
+    p.extend_from_slice(&(COMPRESSION_FLAG | map_label_off as u16).to_be_bytes());
+    p.extend_from_slice(&(COMPRESSION_FLAG | fastly_label_off as u16).to_be_bytes());
+    p.extend_from_slice(&1u32.to_be_bytes());
+    p.extend_from_slice(&7200u32.to_be_bytes());
+    p.extend_from_slice(&3600u32.to_be_bytes());
+    p.extend_from_slice(&1209600u32.to_be_bytes());
+    p.extend_from_slice(&1800u32.to_be_bytes());
+    let rdlen_soa = (p.len() - soa_rdata_start) as u16;
+    p[rdlen_pos_soa..rdlen_pos_soa + 2].copy_from_slice(&rdlen_soa.to_be_bytes());
+
+    p
+}
+
+fn write_name(p: &mut Vec<u8>, labels: &[&str]) {
+    for l in labels {
+        p.push(l.len() as u8);
+        p.extend_from_slice(l.as_bytes());
+    }
+    p.push(0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn compressed_soa_survives_numa_round_trip() {
+    let upstream = upstream_packet();
+
+    let hickory_in = hickory_proto::op::Message::from_vec(&upstream)
+        .expect("hand-crafted upstream must be valid");
+    let soa_in_rd = hickory_in.name_servers()[0]
+        .data()
+        .clone()
+        .into_soa()
+        .expect("SOA rdata");
+    assert_eq!(soa_in_rd.mname().to_string(), "map.fastly.net.");
+    assert_eq!(soa_in_rd.rname().to_string(), "fastly.net.");
+
+    let mut in_buf = BytePacketBuffer::from_bytes(&upstream);
+    let pkt = DnsPacket::from_buffer(&mut in_buf).expect("numa parses upstream");
+    assert_eq!(pkt.answers.len(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(pkt.authorities.len(), 1);
+
+    let mut out_buf = BytePacketBuffer::new();
+    pkt.write(&mut out_buf).expect("numa writes");
+    let out = out_buf.filled().to_vec();
+
+    let hickory_out =
+        hickory_proto::op::Message::from_vec(&out).expect("numa re-emission must parse strictly");
+
+    let soa_out_rd = hickory_out.name_servers()[0]
+        .data()
+        .clone()
+        .into_soa()
+        .expect("SOA rdata on output");
+
+    assert_eq!(soa_out_rd.mname().to_string(), "map.fastly.net.");
+    assert_eq!(soa_out_rd.rname().to_string(), "fastly.net.");
+    assert_eq!(soa_out_rd.serial(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(soa_out_rd.refresh(), 7200);
+    assert_eq!(soa_out_rd.retry(), 3600);
+    assert_eq!(soa_out_rd.expire(), 1209600);
+    assert_eq!(soa_out_rd.minimum(), 1800);
+}